{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T18:31:15Z","timestamp":1775241075578,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection and level assessment of microorganisms is a practical quality\/contamination indicator of food and water samples. Conventional analytical procedures (e.g., culture methods, immunological techniques, and polymerase chain reactions), while accurate and widely used, are time-consuming, costly, and generate a large amount of waste. Electronic noses (E-noses), combined with chemometrics, provide a direct, green, and non-invasive assessment of the volatile fraction without the need for sample pre-treatments. The unique olfactory fingerprint generated during each microorganism\u2019s growth can be a vehicle for its detection using gas sensors. A lab-made E-nose, comprising metal oxide semiconductor sensors was applied, to analyze solid medium containing Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus) or Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The electrical-resistance signals generated by the E-nose coupled with linear discriminant analysis allowed the discrimination of the four bacteria (90% of correct classifications for leave-one-out cross-validation). Furthermore, multiple linear regression models were also established allowing quantifying the number of colony-forming units (CFU) (0.9428 \u2264 R2 \u2264 0.9946), with maximum root mean square errors lower than 4 CFU. Overall, the E-nose showed to be a powerful qualitative\u2013quantitative device for bacteria preliminary analysis, being envisaged its possible application in solid food matrices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T02:55:07Z","timestamp":1672109707000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Lab-Made E-Nose-MOS Device for Assessing the Bacterial Growth in a Solid Culture Medium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9419-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00e3o de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"V\u00edtor S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00e3o de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop, Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, n\u00ba 1200, Bairro Residencial Cidade Jardim, Sinop 78550-728, MT, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Tarek","family":"Zorgani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00e3o de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement G\u00e9nie Chimique, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Tunis, Avenue Kh\u00e9reddine\u2014Pacha Tunis, 30, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Ferreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00e3o de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3415-1539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00e3o de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Zaghdoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement G\u00e9nie Chimique, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Tunis, Avenue Kh\u00e9reddine\u2014Pacha Tunis, 30, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8196-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C. A.","family":"Veloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, ISEC, DEQB, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6595-9165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio M.","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00e3o de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.08.001","article-title":"Robust identification of bacteria based on repeated odor measurements from individual bacteria colonies","volume":"190","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. 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