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The high lectin activity found in saline extracts of this macrofungus (640 HU mL\u22121), even at critical pH values (4\u201310) and temperatures (20\u2013100 \u00b0C), allowed its direct use as an ABL source. Theoretical and experimental evidence revealed favorable electrostatic and biocompatible conditions to immobilize ABL on a poly(methylene blue)\/fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass platform, giving rise to the ABL\/PMB\/FTO biosensor. The conducting polymer added further photoactivity to the device, allowing the identification of lectin\u2013carbohydrate interactions with even greater sensitivity. The dose\u2013response curves studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed a sigmoidal profile that was well-fitted by Hill\u2019s equation, expanding the working dynamic range (15\u2013540 nmol L\u22121 lactose; 20.2 pmol L\u22121 detection limit) and avoiding undesirable sample dilution or preconcentration procedures. Under the optimized photoelectrochemical conditions, the ABL\/PMB\/FTO biosensor showed remarkable signal stability, accuracy, specificity, and selectivity to analyze lactose in commercial food products. This research raises interest in ABL-based biosensors and the added value of the crude Agaricus bisporus extract toward the development of greener and more sustainable biotechnological approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13020224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T02:29:23Z","timestamp":1675650563000},"page":"224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Agaricus bisporus Wild Mushroom Extract as Lectin Source for Engineering a Lactose Photoelectrochemical Biosensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6325-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 O.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte 63048-080, CE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Vanessa E.","family":"Abrantes-Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte 63048-080, CE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6433-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1858-8549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago M. 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