{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T10:56:29Z","timestamp":1774004189183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia via the OligoFIT project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPCOFUND2\/0001\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPCOFUND2\/0001\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia via the OligoFIT project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/137832\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/137832\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/CAPES cooperation, and PhD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPCOFUND2\/0001\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPCOFUND2\/0001\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/CAPES cooperation, and PhD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/137832\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/137832\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents a novel approach for tailoring molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with a preliminary stage of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), for a more precise definition of the imprinted cavity. A well-defined copolymer of acrylamide and N,N\u2032-methylenebisacrylamide (PAAm-co-PMBAm) was synthesized by ATRP and applied to gold electrodes with the template, followed by a crosslinking reaction. The template was removed from the polymer matrix by enzymatic\/chemical action. The surface modifications were monitored via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), having the MIP polymer as a non-conducting film designed with affinity sites for CA15-3. The resulting biosensor exhibited a linear response to CA15-3 log concentrations from 0.001 to 100 U\/mL in PBS or in diluted fetal bovine serum (1000\u00d7) in PBS. Compared to the polyacrylamide (PAAm) MIP from conventional free-radical polymerization, the ATRP-based MIP extended the biosensor\u2019s dynamic linear range 10-fold, improving low concentration detection, and enhanced the signal reproducibility across units. The biosensor demonstrated good sensitivity and selectivity. Overall, the work described confirmed that the process of radical polymerization to build an MIP material influences the detection capacity for the target substance and the reproducibility among different biosensor units. Extending this approach to other cancer biomarkers, the methodology presented could open doors to a new generation of MIP-based biosensors for point-of-care disease diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14050222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T08:14:31Z","timestamp":1714464871000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Innovative Approach for Tailoring Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Biosensors\u2014Application to Cancer Antigen 15-3"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7159-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"dos Santos Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMark@ISEP-CEB\/LABBELS, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pole II, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2763-9501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia Sofia Rodrigues","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pole II, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4755-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia Vitorino","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pole II, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9351-1704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Fernando Jord\u00e3o","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pole II, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Pedro Nunes (IPN), Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para a Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento em Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, R. Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4237-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felismina Teixeira Coelho","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMark@ISEP-CEB\/LABBELS, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9936-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Goreti Ferreira","family":"Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMark@ISEP-CEB\/LABBELS, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"BioMark@UC-CEB\/LABBELS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pole II, R. S\u00edlvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21708","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2022","volume":"72","author":"Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106980","article-title":"Nanoscale materials-based hybrid frameworks modified electrochemical biosensors for early cancer diagnostics: An overview of current trends and challenges","volume":"172","author":"Agrahari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SD00182A","article-title":"Diagnosis of cancer using carbon nanomaterial-based biosensors","volume":"2","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. 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