{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:27:19Z","timestamp":1773883639584,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and selective monitoring of thiamine levels in multivitamin supplements is essential for preventing deficiencies and ensuring product quality. To achieve this, a F\u00f6rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) system using carbon dots (CDs) as energy donors and citrate-stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as energy acceptors was developed. The aqueous synthesis of AgNPs using microwave irradiation was optimized to obtain efficient plasmonic nanoparticles for FRET applications, targeting maximal absorbance intensity, stability, and wavelength alignment. Using a central composite orthogonal design (CCOD), the optimal conditions were identified as a 12.5 min microwave reaction time, a Ag molar ratio of 0.72, and a pH of 8.28. The FRET sensing scheme was applied for thiamine determination, where the vitamin\u2019s presence impaired the FRET process, restoring CDs\u2019 photoluminescence (PL) emission in a concentration-dependent manner. To mitigate interference from other vitamins, PL kinetic data and excitation\u2013emission matrix (EEM) data were analyzed using unfolded partial least-squares (U-PLS) with the subsequent application of the residual bilinearization technique (RBL), achieving high sensitivity and specificity for thiamine detection. This method demonstrated its accuracy and robustness by attaining a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.952 and a relative error of prediction (REP%) of 11%. This novel method offers highly sensitive and interference-free thiamine detection, with significant potential for a wide range of analytical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14120604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T08:40:10Z","timestamp":1733820010000},"page":"604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring Distinct Second-Order Data Approaches for Thiamine Quantification via Carbon Dot\/Silver Nanoparticle FRET Reversion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8722-3172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael C.","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00b0 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2073-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo N. M. J.","family":"P\u00e1scoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00b0 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6539-1741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. L\u00facia M. F. S.","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00b0 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o L. M.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00b0 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7879-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S. M.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00b0 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.06.015","article-title":"Thiamine Deficiency: An Important Consideration in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"356","author":"Attaluri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. 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