{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T22:32:19Z","timestamp":1778193139258,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Recovery and Resilience Program (PPR)","award":["51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Recovery and Resilience Program (PPR)","award":["02\/C05-i01.01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01.01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Republic","award":["51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Republic","award":["02\/C05-i01.01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01.01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"European Union (EU)","award":["51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51"]}]},{"name":"European Union (EU)","award":["02\/C05-i01.01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01.01\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects multiple neural pathways, leading to a broad spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms. Sleep disorders, such as insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness, are prevalent among PD patients and significantly impact symptomatology and patients\u2019 quality of life. Wearable technology presents an opportunity to study these interactions in patients\u2019 daily life environments without the limitations of in-clinic sleep studies. Thus, this review aims to explore how wearable technology has been employed or developed for the sleep monitoring of PD patients in free-living environments. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore to identify original research articles focusing on wearable sleep technology for the ambulatory monitoring of PD patients. Twenty-six studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and underwent structured data extraction and quality assessment. Key aspects analysed included subject demographics, extracted sleep parameters, identified sleep disorders, and the application of machine-learning algorithms. Wearable devices could offer a practical solution for long-term sleep monitoring in PD, though further validation is needed. The absence of standardised protocols and the lack of device validation within PD populations remain significant challenges. The evidence gathered in this study remains insufficient to define a standardised protocol for sleep assessment of PD patients in free-living environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15040212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T12:18:52Z","timestamp":1742905132000},"page":"212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Wearable Sensors for Sleep Monitoring in Free-Living Environments: A Scoping Review on Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5700-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9330-9609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5835-4061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4813-3868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clint","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5945-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Maetzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3457-2328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Vila-Ch\u00e3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8140-3471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds F.","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.62","article-title":"Non-motor features of Parkinson disease","volume":"18","author":"Schapira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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