{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T11:53:37Z","timestamp":1775735617997,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"PT national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) requires early and accurate identification of affected brain regions, which can be achieved through the detection of specific biomarkers to enable timely intervention. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including graphene derivatives, carbon nanotubes, graphitic carbon nitride, carbon black, fullerenes, and carbon dots, offer high conductivity, large electroactive surface area, and versatile surface chemistry that enhance biosensor performance. While such properties benefit a wide range of transduction principles (e.g., electrochemical, optical, and plasmonic), this review focuses on their role in electrochemical biosensors. This review summarizes CNM-based electrochemical platforms reported from 2020 to mid-2025, employing aptamers, antibodies, and molecularly imprinted polymers for AD biomarker detection. Covered topics include fabrication strategies, transduction formats, analytical performance in complex matrices, and validation. Reported devices achieve limits of detection from the femtomolar to picogram per milliliter range, with linear ranges typically spanning 2\u20133 orders of magnitude (e.g., from femtomolar to picomolar, or from picogram to nanogram per milliliter levels). They exhibit high selectivity against common interferents such as BSA, glucose, uric acid, ascorbic acid, dopamine, and non-target peptides, along with growing capabilities for multiplexing and portable operation. Remaining challenges include complex fabrication, limited long-term stability and reproducibility data, scarce clinical cohort testing, and sustainability issues. Opportunities for scalable production and integration into point-of-care workflows are outlined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15100684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:47:08Z","timestamp":1760104028000},"page":"684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Biomarkers: Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0481-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berfin","family":"\u015eak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helena B. A.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6961-345X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A. V.","family":"Prior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia 2017\u20132025."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, September 28). 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