{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:01:49Z","timestamp":1777039309249,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"M.A.R."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birds"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with a high case fatality risk. Its primary vectors, Hyalomma spp. ticks, are expanding their geographic range, raising concerns about the increasing risk of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) outbreaks in Europe. Migratory birds contribute considerably to the spread of Hyalomma ticks, transporting immature forms over long distances during spring migrations. Additionally, climate change plays a crucial role in this expansion by creating favorable conditions for Hyalomma spp. survival and dispersal. This review explores the interplay between Hyalomma spp. ecology as vectors of CCHFV, the role of migratory birds and the impact of climate change on the dispersal of CCHFV across Europe. Understanding these dynamics is essential for assessing future risks, improving surveillance strategies, and implementing effective public health interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/birds6020031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T05:28:33Z","timestamp":1750051713000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Expanding Threat of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus: Role of Migratory Birds and Climate Change as Drivers of Hyalomma spp. Dispersal in Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8412-9842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Alves Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nederlandse Voedsel-en Warenautoriteit (NVWA), P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Lesiczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nederlandse Voedsel-en Warenautoriteit (NVWA), P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centrum Monitoring Vectoren, Nederlandse Voedsel en Waren Autoriteit, 6706 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8913-5504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Fontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2023.102281","article-title":"Mapping the risk of exposure to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in the Iberian Peninsula using Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a model","volume":"15","author":"Herraiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2023.114833","article-title":"Recovery of complete genome sequences of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) directly from clinical samples: A comparative study between targeted enrichment and metagenomic approaches","volume":"323","author":"Wand","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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