{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:33:29Z","timestamp":1775190809319,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2016\/16496-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2016\/16496-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#307072\/2016-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#307072\/2016-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Detrimental mental fatigue effects on exercise performance have been documented in constant workload and time trial exercises, but effects on a maximal incremental test (MIT) remain poorly investigated. Mental fatigue-reduced exercise performance is related to an increased effort sensation, likely due to a reduced prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation and inhibited spontaneous behavior. Interestingly, only a few studies verified if centrally active compounds may mitigate such effects. For example, carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse potentiates exercise performance and reduces effort sensation, likely through its effects on PFC activation. However, it is unknown if this centrally mediated effect of CHO mouth rinse may mitigate mental fatigue-reduced exercise performance. After a proof-of-principle study, showing a mental fatigue-reduced MIT performance, we observed that CHO mouth rinse mitigated MIT performance reductions in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of PFC alterations. When compared to placebo, mentally fatigued cyclists improved MIT performance by 2.24\u20132.33% when rinsing their mouth with CHO during MIT. However, PFC and motor cortex activation during MIT in both CHO and placebo mouth rinses were greater than in mental fatigue. Results showed that CHO mouth rinse mitigated the mental fatigue-reduced MIT performance, but challenged the role of CHO mouth rinse on PFC and motor cortex activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10080493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T07:31:45Z","timestamp":1596007905000},"page":"493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Mitigates Mental Fatigue Effects on Maximal Incremental Test Performance, but Not in Cortical Alterations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7557-3140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cayque","family":"Brietzke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Paulo Estev\u00e3o","family":"Franco-Alvarenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5872-471X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Canestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-060, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4382-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcio Fagundes","family":"Goethel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, 4000 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"\u00cdtalo","family":"V\u00ednicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-060, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5828-9669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor de Salles","family":"Painelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Sao Paulo 05347-020, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Tony Meireles","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Program, Research Center for Performance and Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 52071-030, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Florentina Johanna","family":"Hettinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4538-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio Oliveira","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0672-0","article-title":"The Effects of Mental Fatigue on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review","volume":"47","author":"Marcora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.02.009","article-title":"Caffeine improved cycling trial performance in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of alterations in prefrontal cortex activation","volume":"204","author":"Brietzke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. 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