{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T07:43:03Z","timestamp":1776930183175,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pain is an under-reported but prevalent symptom in Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD), impacting patients\u2019 quality of life. Both pain and PD conditions cause cortical excitability reduction and non-invasive brain stimulation. Mental representation techniques are thought to be able to counteract it, also resulting effectively in chronic pain conditions. We aim to conduct two independent studies in order to evaluate the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and mental representation protocol in the management of pain in PD patients during the ON state: (1) tDCS over the Primary Motor Cortex (M1); and (2) Action Observation (AO) and Motor Imagery (MI) training through a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) using Virtual Reality (AO + MI-BCI). Both studies will include 32 subjects in a longitudinal prospective parallel randomized controlled trial design under different blinding conditions. The main outcomes will be score changes in King\u2019s Parkinson\u2019s Disease Pain Scale, Brief Pain Inventory, Temporal Summation, Conditioned Pain Modulation, and Pain Pressure Threshold. Assessment will be performed pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 15 days post-intervention, in both ON and OFF states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T09:15:16Z","timestamp":1609924516000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["New Approaches Based on Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Mental Representation Techniques Targeting Pain in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients: Two Study Protocols for Two Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yeray","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Zamorano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1314-624X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Carnero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6202-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Jos\u00e9","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Cuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8704-242X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Arroyo-Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9676-8599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Vourvopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Robotics-Lisboa, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Robotics-Lisboa, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9333-1305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ignacio","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neural and Cognitive Engineering Group, Centre for Automation and Robotics, Spanish National Research Council, 28500 Arganda del Rey, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3190-1296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Brain Damage Unit, Beata Mar\u00eda Ana Hospital, 28007 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"386","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_10_19","article-title":"Prevalence of Non-motor Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Its Impact on Quality of Life in Tertiary Care Center in India","volume":"23","author":"Karri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.06.001","article-title":"A detailed clinical study of pain in 1957 participants with early\/moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"56","author":"Silverdale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70068-7","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23462","article-title":"The impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Kurtis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.120212","article-title":"Levodopa raises objective pain threshold in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A RIII reflex study","volume":"78","author":"Thalamas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.01.008","article-title":"Quantitative and fiber-selective evaluation of pain and sensory dysfunction in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12188","article-title":"Asymmetric pain processing in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Granovsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2020.13","article-title":"Current Status of Pain Management in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"47","author":"Karnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000711","article-title":"Pain in Parkinson\u2019s disease: New concepts in pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"32","author":"Rukavina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.013","article-title":"Understanding and Treating Pain Syndromes in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"134","author":"Gandolfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917-e69","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13624","article-title":"Pain in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Facts and uncertainties","volume":"25","author":"Antonini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23458","article-title":"Facilitated temporal summation of pain at spinal level in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Temporal Summation of Pain in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"26","author":"Perrotta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.859","article-title":"Primary sensory and motor cortex function in response to acute muscle pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Burns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2006.08.002","article-title":"The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in chronic neuropathic pain","volume":"36","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02141.x","article-title":"tDCS-induced analgesia and electrical fields in pain-related neural networks in chronic migraine","volume":"52","author":"Dasilva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"763","article-title":"Invasive and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Clinical Effects and Future Perspectives","volume":"106","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.11.017","article-title":"Motor cortex dysfunction revealed by cortical excitability studies in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Influence of antiparkinsonian treatment and cortical stimulation","volume":"116","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"128","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S173080","article-title":"Bayesian analysis of the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on experimental pain sensitivity in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: Randomized sham-controlled pilot clinical study","volume":"11","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.02.019","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and its influence on analgesics effectiveness in patients suffering from migraine headache","volume":"69","author":"Dobrogowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313507632","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation to lessen neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: A mechanistic PET study","volume":"28","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00467","article-title":"Non-invasive Motor Cortex Neuromodulation Reduces Secondary Hyperalgesia and Enhances Activation of the Descending Pain Modulatory Network","volume":"13","author":"Meeker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21012","article-title":"Noninvasive cortical stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Fregni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000247138.85330.88","article-title":"Somatotopic organization of the analgesic effects of motor cortex rTMS in neuropathic pain","volume":"67","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04233.x","article-title":"How does transcranial DC stimulation of the primary motor cortex alter regional neuronal activity in the human brain?","volume":"22","author":"Lang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, D.J., Williams, J., and Holmes, P.S. (2014). Combined action observation and imagery facilitates corticospinal excitability. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00951"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.112","article-title":"ALE meta-analysis of action observation and imitation in the human brain","volume":"50","author":"Caspers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-1150-6","article-title":"Corticomotor facilitation associated with observation and imagery of hand actions is impaired in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"185","author":"Tremblay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003","article-title":"Neural correlates of action: Comparing meta-analyses of imagery, observation, and execution","volume":"94","author":"Hardwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reuter, I., Mehnert, S., Leone, P., Kaps, M., Oechsner, M., and Engelhardt, M. (2011). Effects of a Flexibility and Relaxation Programme, Walking, and Nordic Walking on Parkinson\u2019s Disease. J. Aging Res., 2011.","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/232473"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7586","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7586","article-title":"SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: Guidance for protocols of clinical trials","volume":"346","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mylius, V., Lloret, S.P., Cury, R.G., Teixeira, M.J., Barbosa, V.R., Barbosa, E.R., Moreira, L.I., Listik, C., Fernandes, A.M., and de Lacera Veiga, D. (2020). The Parkinson\u2019s disease pain classification system (PDPCS): Results from an international mechanism-based classification approach. Pain.","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002107"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00330-5","article-title":"Gender differences in pressure pain threshold in healthy humans","volume":"101","author":"Chesterton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.10.013","article-title":"Parkinson disease: A systemic review of pain sensitivities and its association with clinical pain and response to dopaminergic stimulation","volume":"395","author":"Sung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Workman, C.D., Fietsam, A.C., and Rudroff, T. (2020). Tolerability and Blinding of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Critical Review. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10070467"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","article-title":"Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans","volume":"57","author":"Nitsche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.022236","article-title":"Neurogenic pain relief by repetitive transcranial magnetic cortical stimulation depends on the origin and the site of pain","volume":"75","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.02.023","article-title":"A sham-controlled, phase II trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of central pain in traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"122","author":"Fregni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003","article-title":"Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): A tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation","volume":"117","author":"Gandiga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001690","article-title":"A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Brunoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","article-title":"A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools","volume":"127","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.06.006","article-title":"The role of contact media at the skin-electrode interface during transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"7","author":"Palm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004","article-title":"Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients","volume":"72","author":"Poreisz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renard, Y., Lotte, F., Gibert, G., Congedo, M., Maby, E., Delannoy, V., Bertrand, O., and L\u00e9cuyer, A. (2010). OpenViBE: An Open-Source Software Platform to Design, Test and Use Brain-Computer Interfaces in Real and Virtual Environments. Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ., 19.","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.19.1.35"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vourvopoulos, A., Faria, A.L., Cameir\u00e3o, M.S., and Badia, S.B. (2013, January 9\u201312). i RehabNet: A distributed architecture for motor and cognitive neuro-rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 15th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom 2013), Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/HealthCom.2013.6720719"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2003.814454","article-title":"Graz-BCI: State of the art and clinical applications","volume":"11","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vourvopoulos, A., Ferreira, A., and Badia, S.B. (2016, January 27\u201328). i NeuRow: An Immersive VR Environment for Motor-Imagery Training with the Use of Brain-Computer Interfaces and Vibrotactile Feedback. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Physiological Computing Systems, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.5220\/0005939400430053"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales Tejera, D., Fernandez-Carnero, J., Suso-Mart\u00ed, L., Cano-de-la-Cuerda, R., Ler\u00edn-Calvo, A., Rem\u00f3n-Ramiro, L., and La Touche, R. (2020). Comparative study of observed actions, motor imagery and control therapeutic exercise on the conditioned pain modulation in the cervical spine: A randomized controlled trial. Somat. Mot. Res., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220.2020.1756244"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vourvopoulos, A., Jorge, C., Abreu, R., Figueiredo, P., Fernandes, J.-C., and Berm\u00fadez i Badia, S. (2019). Efficacy and Brain Imaging Correlates of an Immersive Motor Imagery BCI-Driven VR System for Upper Limb Motor Rehabilitation: A Clinical Case Report. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00244"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq184","article-title":"Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation and visual illusion on neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury","volume":"133","author":"Soler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26270","article-title":"King\u2019s Parkinson\u2019s disease pain scale, the first scale for pain in PD: An international validation","volume":"30","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12384","article-title":"Rating Scales for Pain in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Critique and Recommendations","volume":"3","author":"Lyons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200409000-00005","article-title":"Validity of the brief pain inventory for use in documenting the outcomes of patients with noncancer pain","volume":"20","author":"Keller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2015.03.001","article-title":"Reliability of 2 Protocols for Assessing Pressure Pain Threshold in Healthy Young Adults","volume":"38","author":"Bisset","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny199","article-title":"Pain Expansion and Severity Reflect Central Sensitization in Primary Care Patients with Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.01.352","article-title":"Temporal summation of pain evoked by mechanical stimulation in deep and superficial tissue","volume":"6","author":"Nie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12216","article-title":"Measuring the Intensity of Chronic Pain: Are the Visual Analogue Scale and the Verbal Rating Scale Interchangeable?","volume":"15","author":"Kliger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Pr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182632c40","article-title":"Reliability of static and dynamic quantitative sensory testing in patients with painful chronic pancreatitis","volume":"37","author":"Olesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220.2016.1229178","article-title":"Comparing test-retest reliability and magnitude of conditioned pain modulation using different combinations of test and conditioning stimuli","volume":"33","author":"Imai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Somat. Mot. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049608406661","article-title":"Relationships between specific and general tests of cerebral functioning","volume":"10","author":"Reitan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Strauss, E., Sherman, E.M.S., and Spreen, O. (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary, Oxford University Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200001)15:1<36::AID-MDS1008>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Quantitative digitography (QDG): A sensitive measure of digital motor control in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Jensen, A.R. (2006). Clocking the Mind: Mental Chronometry and Individual Differences, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.04.008","article-title":"Reaction time: An alternative method for assessing the effects of multiple sclerosis on information processing speed","volume":"22","author":"Reicker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e032710","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032710","article-title":"Optimised transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for fibromyalgia-targeting the endogenous pain control system: A randomised, double-blind, factorial clinical trial protocol","volume":"9","author":"Duarte","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28261","article-title":"Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Survey of 568 Spanish Patients","volume":"35","author":"Oreiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/1\/65\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:07:43Z","timestamp":1760159263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/1\/65"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11010065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11010065","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]}}}