{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:24:11Z","timestamp":1775082251420,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EST19\/00498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EST19\/00498"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deportes de Castilla-La Mancha cofinanciados por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)","award":["SBPLY\/19\/180501\/000147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBPLY\/19\/180501\/000147"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>School physical activity breaks are currently being proposed as a way to improve students\u2019 learning. However, there is no clear evidence of the effects of active school breaks on academic-related cognitive outcomes. The present systematic review with meta-analysis scrutinized and synthesized the literature related to the effects of active breaks on students\u2019 attention. On January 12th, 2021, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched for published interventions with counterbalanced cross-over or parallel-groups designs with a control group, including school-based active breaks, objective attentional outcomes, and healthy students of any age. Studies\u2019 results were qualitatively synthesized, and meta-analyses were performed if at least three study groups provided pre-post data for the same measure. Results showed some positive acute and chronic effects of active breaks on attentional outcomes (i.e., accuracy, concentration, inhibition, and sustained attention), especially on selective attention. However, most of the results were not significant. The small number of included studies and their heterogeneous design are the primary limitations of the present study. Although the results do not clearly point out the positive effects of active breaks, they do not compromise students\u2019 attention. The key roles of intensity and the leader of the active break are discussed. INPLASY registration number: 202110054.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11060675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T13:15:15Z","timestamp":1621602915000},"page":"675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Active School Breaks and Students\u2019 Attention: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Infantes-Paniagua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Arts Education, and Music, Faculty of Education of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1772-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N2i, Polytechnic Institute of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"},{"name":"The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2035-3279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Ramirez-Campillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, 8320000 Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Fisiolog\u00eda del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, 7500000 Santiago, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8681-0642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1480-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Tom\u00e1s","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Superiores Alberta Gim\u00e9nez, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas, 07013 Palma, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2473-5223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sixto","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00edllora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Arts Education, and Music, Faculty of Education of Cuenca, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 17071 Cuenca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9813-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Manuel","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Delega\u00e7\u00e3o da Covilh\u00e3, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000341","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000341","article-title":"Systematic review of acute physically active learning and classroom movement breaks on children\u2019s physical activity, cognition, academic performance and classroom behaviour: Understanding critical design features","volume":"4","author":"Zwolinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.10.008","article-title":"Evaluation of school-based interventions of active breaks in primary schools: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Masini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0569-9","article-title":"Effect of classroom-based physical activity interventions on academic and physical activity outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2015-0238","article-title":"Effects of a TAKE 10! Classroom-Based Physical Activity Intervention on Third- to Fifth-Grade Children\u2019s On-task Behavior","volume":"13","author":"Goh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Berg, V., Salimi, R., de Groot, R., Jolles, J., Chinapaw, M., and Singh, A. (2017). \u201cIt\u2019s a Battle\u2026 You Want to Do It, but How Will You Get It Done?\u201d: Teachers\u2019 and Principals\u2019 Perceptions of Implementing Additional Physical activity in School for Academic Performance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101160"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2014.07.001","article-title":"A short physical activity break from cognitive tasks increases selective attention in primary school children aged 10-11","volume":"7","author":"Janssen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Parre\u00f1o, J.A., Belando-Pedre\u00f1o, N., Torres-Luque, G., and Valero-Valenzuela, A. (2020). Improvements in Physical Activity Levels after the Implementation of an Active-Break-Model-Based Program in a Primary School. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12093592"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazou, S., Saint-Maurice, P., Skrade, M., and Welk, G. (2018). Effect of Integrated Physical Activities with Mathematics on Objectively Assessed Physical Activity. Children, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/children5100140"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/002246690303600401","article-title":"Ten Faulty Notions About Teaching and Learning That Hinder the Effectiveness of Special Education","volume":"36","author":"Heward","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","article-title":"Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: A pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1\u00b76 million participants","volume":"4","author":"Guthold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.06.012","article-title":"The Effect of Physical Activity Interventions on Children\u2019s Cognition and Metacognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"56","author":"Pesce","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1794763","article-title":"Effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive outcomes and academic performance in adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Haverkamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.09.595","article-title":"Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Bosker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20171498","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1498","article-title":"Academic Achievement and Physical Activity: A Meta-analysis","volume":"140","author":"Pesce","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.21.3.674","article-title":"Role of attention in implicit learning","volume":"21","author":"Stadler","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cognit."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2009.10.009","article-title":"Do intelligence and sustained attention interact in predicting academic achievement?","volume":"20","author":"Steinmayr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-410","article-title":"Effects of acute bouts of physical activity on children\u2019s attention: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Janssen","year":"2014","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kremer, J.M., Moran, A., Walker, G., and Craig, C. (2012). Key Concepts in Sport Psychology, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446288702"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, M., Benzing, V., and Kamer, M. (2016). Classroom-Based Physical Activity Breaks and Children\u2019s Attention: Cognitive Engagement Works!. Front. Psychol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01474"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.02.068","article-title":"The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis","volume":"1453","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2006.01.002","article-title":"A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance","volume":"52","author":"Etnier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-160040","article-title":"The Effects of Acute Exercise on Mood, Cognition, Neurophysiology, and Neurochemical Pathways: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Basso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Plast."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2014-0309","article-title":"Four minutes of in-class high-intensity interval activity improves selective attention in 9-to 11-year olds","volume":"40","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.12.017","article-title":"Embodied learning in the classroom: Effects on primary school children\u2019s attention and foreign language vocabulary learning","volume":"43","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Berg, V., Saliasi, E., Jolles, J., de Groot, R.H.M., Chinapaw, M.J.M., and Singh, A.S. (2018). Exercise of Varying Durations: No Acute Effects on Cognitive Performance in Adolescents. Front. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00672"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2014-0062","article-title":"Chapter 5 Physical Activity Opportunities During the School Day: Classroom Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of Using Activity Breaks in the Classroom","volume":"33","author":"McMullen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Teach. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00edllora, S., and Bodoque-Osma, A.R. (2021). Bases metodol\u00f3gicas desde la neuroeducaci\u00f3n para el dise\u00f1o-aplicaci\u00f3n de los descansos activos (Methodological bases from neuroeducation for the design-application of active breaks). Neuroeducaci\u00f3n: Ayudando a Aprender Desde Las Evidencias Cient\u00edficas, Morata."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.06.024","article-title":"Acute coordinative exercise improves attentional performance in adolescents","volume":"441","author":"Budde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., and Green, S. (2006). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2.6 [Updated September 2006], John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne, J.A.C., Savovi\u0107, J., Page, M.J., Elbers, R.G., Blencowe, N.S., Boutron, I., Cates, C.J., Cheng, H.-Y., Corbett, M.S., and Eldridge, S.M. (2019). RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ, l4898.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Eldridge, S., Campbell, M.K., Campbell, M.J., Drahota, A.K., Giraudeau, B., Reeves, B.C., Siegfried, N., and Higgins, J.P. (2021, January 01). Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Trials (RoB 2): Additional Considerations for Cluster-Randomized Trials (RoB 2 CRT); 2020. Available online: https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/riskofbiastool\/welcome\/rob-2-0-tool\/rob-2-for-cluster-randomized-trials."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Savovi\u0107, E., Page, M.J., and Sterne, J.A.C. (2021, January 01). Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Trials (RoB 2): Additional Considerations for Crossover Trials; 2020. Available online: https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/riskofbiastool\/welcome\/rob-2-0-tool\/rob-2-for-crossover-trials."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne, J.A., Hern\u00e1n, M.A., Reeves, B.C., Savovi\u0107, J., Berkman, N.D., Viswanathan, M., Henry, D., Altman, D.G., Ansari, M.T., and Boutron, I. (2016). ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ, i4919.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.12.003","article-title":"Effects of one versus two bouts of moderate intensity physical activity on selective attention during a school morning in Dutch primary schoolchildren: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Altenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and Fill: A Simple Funnel-Plot-Based Method of Testing and Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15987","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015987","article-title":"The trim-and-fill method for publication bias: Practical guidelines and recommendations based on a large database of meta-analyses","volume":"98","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.02.014","article-title":"The effect of acute cognitively engaging physical activity breaks on children\u2019s executive functions: Too much of a good thing?","volume":"36","author":"Egger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cognitive and physiological effects of an acute physical activity intervention in elementary school children","volume":"5","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2015.05.002","article-title":"The effects of qualitatively different acute physical activity interventions in real-world settings on executive functions in preadolescent children","volume":"9","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2013.08.002","article-title":"Influence of acute and chronic physical activity on cognitive performance and saliva testosterone in preadolescent school children","volume":"6","author":"Niemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2012.723612","article-title":"Acute aerobic exercise impacts selective attention: An exceptional boost in lower-income children","volume":"32","author":"Tine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"49","article-title":"Effects of a School Physical Activity Intervention in Pre-adolescents","volume":"136","author":"Polo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Apunt. Educ. F\u00eds. Deport."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving cognitive performance of 9\u201312 years old children: Just dance? A randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Saliasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchele Harris, H., Cortina, K.S., Templin, T., Colabianchi, N., and Chen, W. (2018). Impact of Coordinated-Bilateral Physical Activities on Attention and Concentration in School-Aged Children. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2539748"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e181","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13323","article-title":"The impact of 10-minute activity breaks outside the classroom on male students\u2019 on-task behaviour and sustained attention: A randomised crossover design","volume":"105","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03661.x","article-title":"Exercising Attention within the Classroom","volume":"52","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical activity in the school setting: Cognitive performance is not affected by three different types of acute exercise","volume":"7","author":"Saliasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2018-0219","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Acute Exercise on Executive Function in Adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000901","article-title":"Physical Activity, Fitness, Cognitive Function, and Academic Achievement in Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Donnelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099825","article-title":"Effects of chronic exercise interventions on executive function among children and adolescents: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232090-00002","article-title":"Effects of Acute Physical Exercise Characteristics on Cognitive Performance","volume":"32","author":"Brisswalter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-11340","article-title":"Validation of a Rating Scale of Perceived Exertion in Young Children","volume":"22","author":"Groslambert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"49","article-title":"Reliability of effort production using the children\u2019s CALER and BABE perceived exertion scales","volume":"4","author":"Parfitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hortig\u00fcela Alcal\u00e1, D., Hernando Garijo, A., P\u00e9rez-Pueyo, \u00c1., and Fern\u00e1ndez-R\u00edo, J. (2019). Cooperative Learning and Students\u2019 Motivation, Social Interactions and Attitudes: Perspectives from Two Different Educational Stages. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11247005"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5408\/1089-9995-49.2.111","article-title":"Active-Learning Methods to Improve Student Performance and Scientific Interest in a Large Introductory Oceanography Course","volume":"49","author":"Yuretich","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geosci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Borg, G. (1998). Borg\u2019s Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1384","article-title":"The influence of physical activity on attention in Turkish children","volume":"6","author":"Adsiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"HealthMED"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01579","article-title":"Green Breaks: The Restorative Effect of the School Environment\u2019s Green Areas on Children\u2019s Cognitive Performance","volume":"9","author":"Amicone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.02.023","article-title":"Active learning improves on-task behaviors in 4th grade children","volume":"111","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med. (Baltim)"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Zeev, T., Hirsh, T., Weiss, I., Gornstein, M., and Okun, E. (2020). The Effects of High-intensity Functional Training (HIFT) on Spatial Learning, Visual Pattern Separation and Attention Span in Adolescents. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.577390"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2830","article-title":"Comparison of rest-break interventions during a mentally demanding task","volume":"34","author":"Blasche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2019-0165","article-title":"Can Movement Games Enhance Executive Function in Overweight Children? A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"39","author":"Chou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Teach. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chrismas, B.C.R., Taylor, L., Cherif, A., Sayegh, S., and Bailey, D.P. (2019). Breaking up prolonged sitting with moderate-intensity walking improves attention and executive function in Qatari females. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219565"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"145","article-title":"Effects of active breaks in the attention and concentration of Elementary School students","volume":"95","author":"Leon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Interuniv. Form. Profr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egger, F., Benzing, V., Conzelmann, A., and Schmidt, M. (2019). Boost your brain, while having a break! The effects of long-term cognitively engaging physical activity breaks on children\u2019s executive functions and academic achievement. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212482"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2018.01.012","article-title":"Sweat So You Don\u2019t Forget: Exercise Breaks During a University Lecture Increase On-Task Attention and Learning","volume":"7","author":"Fenesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Mem. Cognit."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flippin, M., Clapham, E.D., and Tutwiler, M.S. (2020). Effects of using a variety of kinesthetic classroom equipment on elementary students\u2019 on-task behaviour: A pilot study. Learn. Environ. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10984-020-09321-2"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"488","article-title":"Chronic effects in cognition of actives-breaks","volume":"6","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport. Tech. J. Sch. Sport Phys. Educ. Psychomot."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.05.021","article-title":"Physically active vs. sedentary academic lessons: A dose response study for elementary student time on task","volume":"89","author":"Grieco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med. (Baltim)"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2015.1039892","article-title":"Acute Effects of Classroom Exercise Breaks on Executive Function and Math Performance: A Dose\u2013Response Study","volume":"86","author":"Howie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2014.05.002","article-title":"Acute classroom exercise breaks improve on-task behavior in 4th and 5th grade students: A dose-response","volume":"7","author":"Howie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-228X.2009.01076.x","article-title":"A 30-Minute Physical Education Program Improves Students\u2019 Executive Attention","volume":"3","author":"Kubesch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mind Brain Educ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2011.01.026","article-title":"Impact of short bouts of physical activity on attention-to-task in elementary school children","volume":"52","author":"Mahar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Med. (Baltim)"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14892","article-title":"Effects of different types of classroom physical activity breaks on children\u2019s on-task behaviour, academic achievement and cognition","volume":"109","author":"Mavilidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzoli, E., Teo, W.-P., Salmon, J., Pesce, C., He, J., Ben-Soussan, T.D., and Barnett, L.M. (2019). Associations of Class-Time Sitting, Stepping and Sit-to-Stand Transitions with Cognitive Functions and Brain Activity in Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091482"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13727","article-title":"Preschoolers exhibit greater on-task behavior following physically active lessons on the approximate number system","volume":"30","author":"McGowan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/00228958.2020.1813518","article-title":"Physical Activity in the Classroom","volume":"56","author":"Merriman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kappa Delta Pi Rec."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikl\u00f3s, M., Kom\u00e1romy, D., Fut\u00f3, J., and Bal\u00e1zs, J. (2020). Acute Physical Activity, Executive Function, and Attention Performance in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Typically Developing Children: An Experimental Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114071"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1300\/J370v21n01_05","article-title":"Mindfulness Training for Elementary School Students","volume":"21","author":"Napoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niedermeier, M., Weiss, E.M., Steidl-M\u00fcller, L., Burtscher, M., and Kopp, M. (2020). Acute Effects of a Short Bout of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Sport Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103678"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"285","article-title":"Active break strategy to improve students\u2019 attention to teaching activities","volume":"16","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Conrado"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.07.002","article-title":"Effects of physical activity and breaks on mathematics engagement in adolescents","volume":"21","author":"Owen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2013.07.001","article-title":"Searching for cognitively optimal challenge point in physical activity for children with typical and atypical motor development","volume":"6","author":"Pesce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Ariza, A., Lopez-Serrano, S., Mezcua-Hidalgo, A., Martinez-Lopez, E.J., and Abu-Helaiel, K. (2021). Acute effect of physically active rests on cognitive variables and creativity in Secondary Education. Retos Nuevas Tend. Educ. F\u00eds. Deport. Recreacion, 635\u2013642.","DOI":"10.47197\/retos.v0i39.78591"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0992-7","article-title":"Physical activity intervention (Movi-Kids) on improving academic achievement and adiposity in preschoolers with or without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1108\/MEDAR-01-2017-0109","article-title":"Bringing active learning into the accounting classroom","volume":"26","author":"Sugahara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meditari Account. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazou, S., Long, K., Lakes, K.D., and Whalen, N.L. (2020). \u201cWalkabouts\u201d Integrated Physical Activities from Preschool to Second Grade: Feasibility and Effect on Classroom Engagement. Child Youth Care Forum.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-020-09563-4"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2163-5","article-title":"A primary school active break programme (ACTI-BREAK): Study protocol for a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.09.232","article-title":"A pilot primary school active break program (ACTI-BREAK): Effects on academic and physical activity outcomes for students in Years 3 and 4","volume":"22","author":"Watson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2014-0006","article-title":"Preschoolers\u2019 Time On-Task and Physical Activity During a Classroom Activity Break","volume":"27","author":"Webster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/6\/675\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:05:43Z","timestamp":1760162743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/6\/675"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11060675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11060675","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]}}}