{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T03:00:59Z","timestamp":1778122859583,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES \u2013 Overcoming vulnerability: life course perspectives, granted by the Swiss National Science Foundation","award":["51NF40-185901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51NF40-185901"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10001C_189407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10001C_189407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical activity (PA) may influence the secretion of neurotransmitters and thereby have positive consequences for an individual\u2019s vulnerability (i.e., reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms). This systematic review aims to analyse the potential bidirectional effects of exercise on dopamine from young adulthood to old age. The article search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in December 2020. The inclusion criteria were longitudinal and experimental study design; outcomes included dopamine and exercise; effect of exercise on dopamine and vice versa; adults; and articles published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Fifteen articles were included in the review. We observed robust findings concerning the potential effects of PA on dopamine, which notably seem to be observable across a wide range of participants characteristics (including age and sex), a variety of PA characteristics, and a broad set of methods to analyse dopamine. By contrast, regarding the potential effects of dopamine on PA, findings were mixed across studies. Thus, there are robust effects of physical exercise on dopamine. These findings further strengthen the idea that innovative approaches could include PA interventions for treating and preventing mental disorders. Therefore, it seems that PA is a potential alternative to deal with mental health issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T11:28:41Z","timestamp":1624447721000},"page":"829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Bidirectional Association between Physical Activity and Dopamine Across Adulthood\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1295-0826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila","family":"Marconcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9166-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 O.","family":"Werneck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-220, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3177-6576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerson","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad F\u00edsica, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170124, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0927-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9lvio R.","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica e Desporto, Universidade da Madeira, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Interactive Technologies Institute, LARSyS, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kliegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2014Overcoming Vulnerability, Life Course Perspectives, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6072-6012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ihle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2014Overcoming Vulnerability, Life Course Perspectives, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci3010039","article-title":"Exercise Benefits Brain Function: The Monoamine Connection","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/1801200a0","article-title":"3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-Hydroxytryptophan as Reserpine Antagonists","volume":"180","author":"Carlsson","year":"1957","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(95)00278-Z","article-title":"Dopamine transporter (DAT) and synaptic vesicle amine transporter (VMAT2) gene expression in the substantia nigra of control and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Harrington","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. 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