{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T19:42:44Z","timestamp":1761766964387,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT-ANR\/NEU-SCC\/0005\/2013, UIDB\/00214\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-ANR\/NEU-SCC\/0005\/2013, UIDB\/00214\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The phonology of prosody has received little attention in studies of motor speech disorders. The present study investigates the phonology of intonation (nuclear contours) and speech chunking (prosodic phrasing) in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) as a function of medication intake and duration of the disease. Following methods of the prosodic and intonational phonology frameworks, we examined the ability of 30 PD patients to use intonation categories and prosodic phrasing structures in ways similar to 20 healthy controls to convey similar meanings. Speech data from PD patients were collected before and after a dopaminomimetic drug intake and were phonologically analyzed in relation to nuclear contours and intonational phrasing. Besides medication, disease duration and the presence of motor fluctuations were also factors included in the analyses. Overall, PD patients showed a decreased ability to use nuclear contours and prosodic phrasing. Medication improved intonation regardless of disease duration but did not help with dysprosodic phrasing. In turn, disease duration and motor fluctuations affected phrasing patterns but had no impact on intonation. Our study demonstrated that the phonology of prosody is impaired in PD, and prosodic categories and structures may be differently affected, with implications for the understanding of PD neurophysiology and therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:42:12Z","timestamp":1629668532000},"page":"1100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["(Dys)Prosody in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Effects of Medication and Disease Duration on Intonation and Prosodic Phrasing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6102-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Frota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Linguistics, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Lisbon, 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0332-5719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Linguistics, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Lisbon, 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4478-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNS\u2014Campus Neurol\u00f3gico, 2560-280 Torres Vedras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8524-8731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Alcoit\u00e3o, 2649-506 Alcabideche, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes (IMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3950-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNS\u2014Campus Neurol\u00f3gico, 2560-280 Torres Vedras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes (IMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3375-4787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Parole et Langage (LPL), Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7640-4798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Vig\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Linguistics, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Lisbon, 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacy, P. (2007). Intonation. The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511486371"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladd, D.R. (2008). Intonational Phonology, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511808814"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2017.07.009","article-title":"Prosody and Motor Speech Disorders: A Retrospective Review of a Merger That Is Imminent","volume":"199","author":"Boutsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Duffy, J. (2019). Motor Speech Disorders: Substrates, Differential Diagnosis, and Management, Fourth, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022226700016613","article-title":"Notes on Transitivity and Theme in English: Part 2","volume":"3","author":"Halliday","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Linguist."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nespor, M., and Vogel, I. (2007). Prosodic Phonology: With a New Foreword, Studies in Generative Grammar, Mouton de Gruyter.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110977790"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gussenhoven, C. (2004). The Phonology of Tone and Intonation, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511616983"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun, S.-A. (2005). Prosodic Typology: The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199249633.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun, S.-A. (2014). Prosodic Typology II: The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199567300.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frota, S., and Prieto, P. (2015). Intonation in Romance, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199685332.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gussenhoven, C., and Chen, A. (2020). The Oxford Handbook of Language Prosody, Oxford Handbooks, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198832232.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun, S.-A. (2014). The Intonational Phonology of European Portuguese. Prosodic Typology II: The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199567300.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Frota, S., Oliveira, P., Cruz, M., and Vig\u00e1rio, M. (2015). P-ToBI: Tools for the Transcription of Portuguese Prosody, Laborat\u00f3rio de Fon\u00e9tica. Available online: http:\/\/labfon.letras.ulisboa.pt\/InAPoP\/P-ToBI\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Frota, S. (2000). Prosody and Focus in European Portuguese: Phonological Phrasing and Intonation, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00088","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"3","author":"Meireles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Gerlai, R.T. (2020). Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Behavioral and Neural Genetics of Zebrafish, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"124","author":"Tysnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14108","article-title":"Parkinson Disease","volume":"27","author":"Balestrino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-S-13-0039","article-title":"Multiple Factors Are Involved in the Dysarthria Associated with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Review With Implications for Clinical Practice and Research","volume":"57","author":"Sapir","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hlavni\u010dka, J., Tykalov\u00e1, T., \u010cmejla, R., Klemp\u00ed\u0159, J., R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka, E., and Rusz, J. (2017, January 20\u201324). Dysprosody Differentiate Between Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and Multiple System Atrophy. Proceedings of the Interspeech 2017, Stockholm, Sweden.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2017-762"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TGR.0000318899.87690.44","article-title":"Speech and Swallowing in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"24","author":"Tjaden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Top. Geriatr. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.08.008","article-title":"Speech Dysprosody but No Music \u2018Dysprosody\u2019 in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"163","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1676-0","article-title":"Speech Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Early Diagnostics and Effects of Medication and Brain Stimulation","volume":"124","author":"Brabenec","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godino-Llorente, J.I., Shattuck-Hufnagel, S., Choi, J.Y., Moro-Vel\u00e1zquez, L., and G\u00f3mez-Garc\u00eda, J.A. (2017). Towards the Identification of Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s Disease from the Speech. New Articulatory Kinetic Biomarkers. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189583"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2005.08.010","article-title":"The Impact of Parkinson\u2019s Disease on Vocal-Prosodic Communication from the Perspective of Listeners","volume":"97","author":"Pell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1044\/nnsld19.3.77","article-title":"Prosody in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"19","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Perspect. Neurophysiol. Neurogenic Speech Lang. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13255","article-title":"Psychosocial Impact of Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Associated Dysarthria: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Dysarthria Impact Profile into European Portuguese: EP: DIP Validation for PD","volume":"18","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Darley, F.L., Aronson, A.E., and Brown, J.R. (1975). Motor Speech Disorders, Saunders."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"129310","article-title":"Assessment of Prosodic Communicative Efficiency in Parkinson\u2019s Disease As Judged by Professional Listeners","volume":"2011","author":"Martens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulz, G., Halpern, A., Spielman, J., Ramig, L., Panzer, I., Sharpley, A., and Freeman, K. (2021). Single Word Intelligibility of Individuals with Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Noise: Pre-Specified Secondary Outcome Variables from a Randomized Control Trial (RCT) Comparing Two Intensive Speech Treatments (LSVT LOUD vs. LSVT ARTIC). Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070857"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000488875","article-title":"Prosodic Improvement in Persons with Parkinson Disease Receiving SPEAK OUT!\u00ae Voice Therapy","volume":"70","author":"Boutsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2006.07.001","article-title":"An Acoustic Investigation of Parkinsonian Speech in Linguistic and Emotional Contexts","volume":"20","author":"Cheang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22430","article-title":"Progression of Dysprosody in Parkinson\u2019s Disease over Time-A Longitudinal Study","volume":"24","author":"Skodda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2010.04.007","article-title":"Intonation and Speech Rate in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: General and Dynamic Aspects and Responsiveness to Levodopa Admission","volume":"25","author":"Skodda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2013.07.001","article-title":"Acoustic Investigation of Stress Patterns in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"28","author":"Tykalova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107306","article-title":"Prominence Marking in Parkinsonian Speech and Its Correlation with Motor Performance and Cognitive Abilities","volume":"137","author":"Thies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thies, T., M\u00fccke, D., Dano, R., and Barbe, M.T. (2021). Levodopa-Based Changes on Vocalic Speech Movements during Prosodic Prominence Marking. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050594"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0216)","article-title":"Intonation Contrast in Cantonese Speakers with Hypokinetic Dysarthria Associated with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0351-5","article-title":"Short- and Long-Term Dopaminergic Effects on Dysarthria in Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"117","author":"Skodda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"389195","article-title":"Progression of Voice and Speech Impairment in the Course of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"2013","author":"Skodda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gili Fivela, B., Sallustio, V., Pede, S., and Patrocinio, D. (September, January 30). Phonetic Complexity, Speech Accuracy and Intelligibility Assessment of Italian Dysarthric Speech. Proceedings of the Interspeech 2021, Brno, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2021-1862"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1179\/136132808805335545","article-title":"An Autosegmental-Metrical Investigation of Intonation in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Mennen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Speech Lang. Hear."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/11-0263)","article-title":"Characterizing Intonation Deficit in Motor Speech Disorders: An Autosegmental\u2013Metrical Analysis of Spontaneous Speech in Hypokinetic Dysarthria, Ataxic Dysarthria, and Foreign Accent Syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Lowit","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70807-4","article-title":"Comprehension of Prosody in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Lloyd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.3.4.275","article-title":"Processing Emotional Tone from Speech in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Role for the Basal Ganglia","volume":"3","author":"Pell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.10.034","article-title":"Vocal Emotion Processing in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Reduced Sensitivity to Negative Emotions","volume":"1188","author":"Dara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2015.1100279","article-title":"Advanced Parkinson Disease Patients Have Impairment in Prosody Processing","volume":"38","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"219","article-title":"Reception of Communicative Functions of Prosody in Hypokinetic Dysarthria Due to Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"6","author":"Martens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2020.1797174","article-title":"Word Segmentation Based on Prosody in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Basirat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Linguist. Phon."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"421","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease Drug Development Since 1999: A Story of Repurposing and Relative Success","volume":"11","author":"Boucherie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00854-3","article-title":"Treatments for Dysarthria in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"3","author":"Pinto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.006","article-title":"Impact of Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Levodopa on Resting State Functional Connectivity Related to Speech Prosody Control","volume":"22","author":"Mekyska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20170200","DOI":"10.1590\/2317-1782\/20182017200","article-title":"Impact of Levodopa Treatment in the Voice Pattern of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Pinho","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoDAS"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20130141","article-title":"Prosody and Levodopa in Parkinsons Disease","volume":"71","author":"Cardoso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00019","article-title":"The Effect of Dopaminergic Medication on Beat-Based Auditory Timing in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Cameron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012885","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012885","article-title":"Dysarthria in Individuals with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Protocol for a Binational, Cross-Sectional, Case-Controlled Study in French and European Portuguese (FraLusoPark)","volume":"6","author":"Pinto","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1515-8","article-title":"Effects of Dopaminergic Replacement Therapy on Motor Speech Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Longitudinal Follow-up Study on Previously Untreated Patients","volume":"123","author":"Rusz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"101","article-title":"Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"3","author":"Weiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"235","article-title":"Effects of Parkinson\u2019s Disease on Fundamental Frequency Variability in Running Speech","volume":"21","author":"Bowen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.6.745","article-title":"The Relevance of the Lewy Body to the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"51","author":"Gibb","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Amp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Frota, S., and Cruz, M. (2021, August 19). Interactive Atlas of the Prosody of Portuguese Webplatform, 2012\u20132015. ISLRN 596-167-619-923-0. Available online: http:\/\/labfon.letras.ulisboa.pt\/InAPoP\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A Brief Screening Tool for Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"28","article-title":"The Clinical Global Impressions Scale: Applying a Research Tool in Clinical Practice","volume":"4","author":"Busner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Edgmont Townsh."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8298-6","article-title":"Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment (FDA-2) in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the European Portuguese Version","volume":"264","author":"Cardoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Rating Scales for Parkinson\u2019s Disease (2003). The Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): Status and Recommendations. Mov. Disord., 18, 738\u2013750.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10473"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23429","article-title":"Systematic Review of Levodopa Dose Equivalency Reporting in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Systematic Review of LED Reporting in PD","volume":"25","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12921","article-title":"Levodopa Equivalent Dose Conversion Factors: An Updated Proposal Including Opicapone and Safinamide","volume":"7","author":"Schade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frota, S., and Prieto, P. (2015). Intonational Variation in Portuguese: European and Brazilian Varieties. Intonation in Romance, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199685332.003.0007"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Boersma, P., and Weenink, D. (2021, August 19). Praat-Doing Phonetics by Computer. 1992\u20132021. Available online: www.fon.hum.uva.nl\/praat\/."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5334\/labphon.10","article-title":"Surface and Structure: Transcribing Intonation within and across Languages","volume":"7","author":"Frota","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Phonol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Aronoff, M. (2018). Syntax\u2013Phonology Interface. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.10.009","article-title":"Dorsal and Ventral Pathways for Prosody","volume":"25","author":"Sammler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2018.05.001","article-title":"White Matter Pathways for Prosodic Structure Building: A Case Study","volume":"183","author":"Sammler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26085","article-title":"Speech Biomarkers in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder and Parkinson Disease","volume":"90","author":"Rusz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frota, S. (2002, January 11\u201313). The Prosody of Focus: A Case-Study with Cross-Linguistic Implications. Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2002, Aix en Provence, France.","DOI":"10.21437\/SpeechProsody.2002-64"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952675716000154","article-title":"No Stress, No Pitch Accent, No Prosodic Focus: The Case of Ambonese Malay","volume":"33","author":"Gussenhoven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phonology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2017.01.009","article-title":"A Cross-Linguistic Perspective to the Study of Dysarthria in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"64","author":"Pinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phon."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/8\/1100\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:48:22Z","timestamp":1760165302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/8\/1100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11081100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11081100","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3425"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]}}}