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socialization, and mental health difficulties, therefore early intervention is crucial. In Portugal, the Pragmatic Intervention Programme (PICP) has been recently developed and validated, but its effects are unknown. This study aims to determine the effects of the PICP on preschool-age children with ASD or DLD with pragmatic impairments. Methods: A non-randomized controlled trial has been conducted. The children (n = 20) were assigned to the intervention (n = 11) or the control group (waiting list) (n = 9). Each child attended 24 PICP-based intervention sessions provided by a Speech and Language Therapist in kindergarten. The primary outcome measure was a Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) rated by parents and kindergarten teachers. Secondary outcomes include parent\/teacher-reported communication skills (Escala de Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Compet\u00eancias Comunicativas) and an assessment of the child\u2019s general language ability (Teste de Linguagem\u2014Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da Linguagem Pr\u00e9-Escolar). Results: GAS results show that all the children in the intervention group made progress. Statistically significant differences between pre- and post-intervention assessments were found for all secondary outcomes. Conclusions: The main findings suggest that the PICP improves language in preschool-age children with ASD and DLD with pragmatic difficulties. Further research is needed to analyse the effects of the PICP for each neurodevelopmental disorder individually. These results are crucial and will contribute to future research and evidence-based practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T02:21:57Z","timestamp":1669774917000},"page":"1640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Effects of the Pragmatic Intervention Programme in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Language Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2684-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS.UA@RISE, University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Linguistics, University of Lisbon (CLUL), 1600 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2016-1683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Linguistics, University of Lisbon (CLUL), 1600 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita S.","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro, Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5673-8683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro S\u00e1","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications (CIDMA), Department of Mathematics, University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0326-0257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Lousada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS.UA@RISE, University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Linguistics, University of Lisbon (CLUL), 1600 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences (ESSUA), University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgiou, N., and Spanoudis, G. 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