{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T10:06:23Z","timestamp":1769940383947,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.04501.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04501.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/CVT\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/CVT\/00772\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.04501.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04501.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/CVT\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/CVT\/00772\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Olfactory Bulb is a component of the Olfactory System, in which it plays an essential role as an interface between the peripheral components and the cerebral cortex responsible for olfactory interpretation and discrimination. It is in this element that the first selective integration of olfactory stimuli occurs through a complex cell interaction that forwards the received olfactory information to higher cortical centers. Considering its position in the organizational hierarchy of the olfactory system, it is now known that changes in the Olfactory Bulb can lead to olfactory abnormalities. Through imaging techniques, it was possible to establish relationships between the occurrence of changes secondary to brain aging and senility, neurodegenerative diseases, head trauma, and infectious diseases with a decrease in the size of the Olfactory Bulb and in olfactory acuity. In companion animals, this relationship has also been identified, with observations of relations between the cranial conformation, the disposition, size, and shape of the Olfactory Bulb, and the occurrence of structural alterations associated with diseases with different etiologies. However, greater difficulty in quantitatively assessing olfactory acuity in animals and a manifestly smaller number of studies dedicated to this topic maintain a lack of concrete and unequivocal results in this field of veterinary sciences. The aim of this work is to revisit the Olfactory Bulb in companion animals in all its dimensions, review its anatomy and histological characteristics, physiological integration in the olfactory system, importance as a potential early indicator of the establishment of specific pathologies, as well as techniques of imaging evaluation for its in vivo clinical exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T02:06:35Z","timestamp":1682388395000},"page":"713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Olfactory Bulb in Companion Animals\u2014Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Importance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1945-6377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Alvites","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancia Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas Veterin\u00e1rias, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CESPU), Avenida Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Abby","family":"Caine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0189-382X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giunio Bruto","family":"Cherubini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital \u201cMario Modenato\u201d, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justina","family":"Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancia Animal e Veterin\u00e1ria (CECAV), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0736-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur Severo P.","family":"Varej\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancia Animal e Veterin\u00e1ria (CECAV), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Colette","family":"Maur\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancia Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas Veterin\u00e1rias, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Shepherd, G.M., and Greer, C.A. (1998). Olfactory Bulb, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03348-w","article-title":"Topographic organization in the olfactory bulb","volume":"383","author":"Lodovichi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200330","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200330","article-title":"The evolutionary origins of the vertebrate olfactory system","volume":"10","author":"Poncelet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576444","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.576444","article-title":"Beyond the hippocampus and the SVZ: Adult neurogenesis throughout the brain","volume":"14","author":"Jurkowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(09)17503-9","article-title":"The rostral migratory stream and olfactory system: Smell, disease and slippery cells","volume":"175","author":"Curtis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.21608\/zvjz.2019.15534.1069","article-title":"Species Specific Structural Differences of the Main Olfactory Bulbs in Dog (Canis Familiaris) and Goat (Capra Hircus)","volume":"48","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zagazig Veter. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, N.K., Price, C., and Banks, P. (2010). Predators Are Attracted to the Olfactory Signals of Prey. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013114"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polg\u00e1r, Z., Kinnunen, M., \u00dajv\u00e1ry, D., and G\u00e1csi, M. (2016). A Test of Canine Olfactory Capacity: Comparing Various Dog Breeds and Wolves in a Natural Detection Task. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154087"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokoci\u0144ska-Kusiak, A., Woszczy\u0142o, M., Zybala, M., Maciocha, J., Bar\u0142owska, K., and Dzi\u0119cio\u0142, M. (2021). Canine olfaction: Physiology, behavior, and possibilities for practical applications. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082463"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Leal, I., Torres, M.V., L\u00f3pez-Callejo, L.N., Fidalgo, L.E., L\u00f3pez-Beceiro, A., and Sanchez-Quinteiro, P. (2022). Comparative Neuroanatomical Study of the Main Olfactory Bulb in Domestic and Wild Canids: Dog, Wolf and Red Fox. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091079"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"When the nose doesn\u2019t know: Canine olfactory function associated with health, management, and potential links to microbiota","volume":"56","author":"Jenkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/azo.12178","article-title":"Sex-and age-related differences in c-fos expression in dog olfactory bulbs","volume":"98","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Zool."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dogs display owner-specific expectations based on olfaction","volume":"11","author":"Blasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928943","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.928943","article-title":"Dealing With Stress in Cats: What Is New About the Olfactory Strategy?","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2011.04.005","article-title":"Development of a novel paradigm for the measurement of olfactory discrimination in dogs (Canis familiaris): A pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Salvin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Veter. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2017.07.005","article-title":"Functional Morphology of the Olfactory Mucosa and Olfactory Bulb in Fossorial Rodents: The East African Root Rat (Tachyoryctes splendens) and the Naked Mole Rat (Heterocephalus glaber)","volume":"49","author":"Onyono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0458","article-title":"Physical signs of canine cognitive dysfunction","volume":"81","author":"Ozawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Veter. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"537","article-title":"Histological structure difference of dog\u2019s olfactory bulb between different age and sex","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, H., Pustovyy, O.M., Waggoner, P., Beyers, R.J., Schumacher, J., Wildey, C., Barrett, J., Morrison, E., Salibi, N., and Denney, T. (2014). Functional MRI of the Olfactory System in Conscious Dogs. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086362"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, K.L., Vasan, G., Gumaste, A., Pieribone, V.A., and Verhagen, J.V. (2019). Spatiotemporal dynamics of odor responses in the lateral and dorsal olfactory bulb. PLoS Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000409"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, X., Joshi, A., Zang, Y., Assun\u00e7\u00e3o, F., Fernandes, H.M., and Hummel, T. (2022). The Shape of the Olfactory Bulb Predicts Olfactory Function. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020128"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.2.170","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of olfactory bulb angle and soft palate dimensions in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs","volume":"79","author":"Barker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Veter. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.7.946","article-title":"Effect of brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic head conformations on olfactory bulb angle and orientation in dogs as determined by use of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"73","author":"Hussein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Veter. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24512","article-title":"The impact of extreme skull morphology in domestic dogs on cribriform plate shape","volume":"304","author":"Jacquemetton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022011000300047","article-title":"Comparative Morphometry of the Olfactory Bulb, Tract and Stria in the Human, Dog and Goat","volume":"29","author":"Kavoi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23026","article-title":"Respiratory and olfactory turbinals in feliform and caniform carnivorans: The influence of snout length","volume":"297","author":"Pang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Veterinaria, N.A. (2017). International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature (ICVGAN), Editorial Committee."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soko\u0142owski, W., Barszcz, K., Kupczy\u0144ska, M., Czopowicz, M., Czubaj, N., Kinda, W., and Kie\u0142bowicz, Z. (2020). Morphometry and morphology of rostral cranial fossa in brachycephalic dogs\u2014CT studies. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240091"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.21474\/IJAR01\/9141","article-title":"Nomenclature and descriptive anatomy of the olfactory bulb fissure and definition of the olfactory bulb dimensions in dogs using in vivo mri","volume":"7","author":"Hussein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, S.Z., Lewis, M., Isaacs, A., Haskins, M., Van Winkle, T., Vite, C.H., and Watson, D.J. (2012). Identification of the Rostral Migratory Stream in the Canine and Feline Brain. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036016"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.058","article-title":"Olfactory bulb ventricles as a frequent finding in magnetic resonance imaging studies of the olfactory system","volume":"162","author":"Smitka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6392","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2355-21.2022","article-title":"Extensive Connections of the Canine Olfactory Pathway Revealed by Tractography and Dissection","volume":"42","author":"Andrews","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"98","article-title":"Neuronal organization of olfactory bulb circuits","volume":"8","author":"Enagayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561822","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2020.561822","article-title":"Subpopulations of Projection Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb","volume":"14","author":"Imamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00229","article-title":"The Functional Role of Olfactory Bulb Granule Cell Subtypes Derived From Embryonic and Postnatal Neurogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Takahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arruda, D., Publio, R., and Roque, A.C. (2013). The Periglomerular Cell of the Olfactory Bulb and its Role in Controlling Mitral Cell Spiking: A Computational Model. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056148"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev200210","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.200210","article-title":"Development of the mammalian main olfactory bulb","volume":"149","author":"Tufo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, M.V., Ortiz-Leal, I., Ferreiro, A., Rois, J.L., and Sanchez-Quinteiro, P. (2021). Neuroanatomical and Immunohistological Study of the Main and Accessory Olfactory Bulbs of the Meerkat (Suricata suricatta). Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12010091"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-080317-061916","article-title":"The accessory olfactory system: Innately specialized or microcosm of mammalian circuitry?","volume":"41","author":"Holy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buzek, A., Serwa\u0144ska-Leja, K., Zaworska-Zakrzewska, A., and Kasprowicz-Potocka, M. (2022). The Shape of the Nasal Cavity and Adaptations to Sniffing in the Dog (Canis familiaris) Compared to Other Domesticated Mammals: A Review Article. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12040517"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"50","article-title":"Mutual influences between the main olfactory and vomeronasal systems in development and evolution","volume":"6","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23844","article-title":"The Nasal Cavity of the Rat and Mouse-Source of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injury","volume":"301","author":"Alvites","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2010.07.004","article-title":"Comparative functional structure of the olfactory mucosa in the domestic dog and sheep","volume":"192","author":"Kavoi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Anat. Anat. Anz."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0490","article-title":"The fluid dynamics of canine olfaction: Unique nasal airflow patterns as an explanation of macrosmia","volume":"7","author":"Craven","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-020-00951-x","article-title":"What\u2019s that smell? A pictorial review of the olfactory pathways and imaging assessment of the myriad pathologies that can affect them","volume":"12","author":"Lie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insights Into Imaging"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.099416.109","article-title":"Ecological adaptation determines functional mammalian olfactory subgenomes","volume":"20","author":"Hayden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, F., and Fengyi, L. (2020). Sustentacular Cell Enwrapment of Olfactory Receptor Neuronal Dendrites: An Update. Genes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11050493"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"196","article-title":"The importance of the olfactory sense in the human behavior and evolution","volume":"2","author":"Sarafoleanu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.1c01495","article-title":"Large-Scale G Protein-Coupled Olfactory Receptor\u2013Ligand Pairing","volume":"8","author":"Cong","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Central Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23816","article-title":"Cranial pair I: The olfactory nerve","volume":"302","author":"Crespo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desser, D., Assun\u00e7\u00e3o, F., Yan, X., Alves, V., Fernandes, H.M., and Hummel, T. (2021). Automatic segmentation of the olfactory bulb. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11091141"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00008.2004","article-title":"Information Processing in the Mammalian Olfactory System","volume":"85","author":"Lledo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maresh, A., Gil, D.R., Whitman, M., and Greer, C.A. (2008). Principles of Glomerular Organization in the Human Olfactory Bulb\u2014Implications for Odor Processing. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002640"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.08.005","article-title":"A field guide to the anterior olfactory nucleus (cortex)","volume":"50","author":"Brunjes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0876-6","article-title":"Bilateral and unilateral odor processing and odor perception","volume":"3","author":"Dalal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831602","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2022.831602","article-title":"The Olfactory Tract: Basis for Future Evolution in Response to Rapidly Changing Ecological Niches","volume":"16","author":"Whitlock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00741.2013","article-title":"Thalamic olfaction: Characterizing odor processing in the mediodorsal thalamus of the rat","volume":"111","author":"Courtiol","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2012.00051","article-title":"The mouse olfactory peduncle. 2.The anterior limb of the anterior commissure","volume":"6","author":"Brunjes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa068","article-title":"Decoding odor mixtures in the dog brain: An awake fMRI study","volume":"45","author":"Prichard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.05.004","article-title":"Correlation between olfactory bulb volume and olfactory function","volume":"42","author":"Smitka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8227-8","article-title":"Olfaction as a marker for depression","volume":"264","author":"Croy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frosolini, A., Parrino, D., Fabbris, C., Fantin, F., Inches, I., Invitto, S., Spinato, G., and De Filippis, C. (2022). Magnetic Resonance Imaging Confirmed Olfactory Bulb Reduction in Long COVID-19: Literature Review and Case Series. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040430"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11586","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules180911586","article-title":"Plasticity of the Human Olfactory System: The Olfactory Bulb","volume":"18","author":"Huart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00020","article-title":"The influences of age on olfaction: A review","volume":"5","author":"Doty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1996.tb01132.x","article-title":"Age-related changes in the olfactory system of dogs","volume":"22","author":"Hirai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0097-5","article-title":"Olfactory and other sensory impairments in Alzheimer disease","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102457","article-title":"Olfactory bulb surroundings can help to distinguish Parkinson\u2019s disease from non-parkinsonian olfactory dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Tremblay","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v10i4.11","article-title":"Canine cognitive dysfunction patients have reduced total hippocampal volume compared with aging control dogs: A comparative magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"10","author":"Dewey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Veter. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-5208","article-title":"Age-related changes of the cerebral ventricles of healthy domestic cats","volume":"38","author":"Babicsak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pesqui. Veterin\u00e1ria Bras."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"McGregor, O., Genain, M., Williams, T.L., and Alves, L. (2023). Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, Wiley Online Library."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00243-6","article-title":"Exploring mechanisms of ventricular enlargement in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: A role of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and motile cilia","volume":"18","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00445","article-title":"Ventricular and Periventricular Anomalies in the Aging and Cognitively Impaired Brain","volume":"9","author":"Todd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892418768159","article-title":"Novel Radiographic Assessment of the Cribriform Plate","volume":"32","author":"Ganjaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1450","article-title":"Intracranial Lesion Detection and Artifact Characterization: Comparative Study of Susceptibility and T2*-Weighted Imaging in Dogs and Cats","volume":"8","author":"Wolfer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Veter. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrnm.2016.02.011","article-title":"Volumetric study of the olfactory bulb in patients with chronic rhinonasal sinusitis using MRI","volume":"47","author":"Alarabawy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Radiol. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24471","article-title":"Selective breeding in domestic dogs: How selecting for a short face impacted canine neuroanatomy","volume":"304","author":"Selba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039271","article-title":"Performance of Pugs, German Shepherds, and Greyhounds (Canis lupus familiaris) on an odor-discrimination task","volume":"129","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24518","article-title":"Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves","volume":"304","author":"Bird","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2009.10.2.173","article-title":"Dilation of the olfactory bulb cavity concurrent with hydrocephalus in four small breed dogs","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Veter. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14805","article-title":"The Relationship between Brachycephalic Head Features in Modern Persian Cats and Dysmorphologies of the Skull and Internal Hydrocephalus","volume":"31","author":"Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Veter. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/5\/713\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:22:36Z","timestamp":1760124156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/5\/713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci13050713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13050713","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]}}}