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techniques (NIBS) have been widely used in both clinical and research contexts in neuropsychiatry. They are safe and well-tolerated, making NIBS an interesting option for application in different settings. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is one of these strategies. It uses electromagnetic pulses for focal modulate ion of neuronal activity in brain cortical regions. When pulses are applied repeatedly (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation\u2014rTMS), they are thought to induce long-lasting neuroplastic effects, proposed to be a therapeutic mechanism for rTMS, with efficacy and safety initially demonstrated for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Since then, many rTMS treatment protocols emerged for other difficult to treat psychiatric conditions. Moreover, multiple clinical studies, including large multi-center trials and several meta-analyses, have confirmed its clinical efficacy in different neuropsychiatric disorders, resulting in evidence-based guidelines and recommendations. Currently, rTMS is cleared by multiple regulatory agencies for the treatment of TRD, depression with comorbid anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and substance use disorders, such as smoking cessation. Importantly, current research supports the potential future use of rTMS for other psychiatric syndromes, including the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder. More precise knowledge of formal indications for rTMS therapeutic use in psychiatry is critical to enhance clinical decision making in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13071029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:34:30Z","timestamp":1688603670000},"page":"1029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Regulatory Clearance and Approval of Therapeutic Protocols of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1267-645X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Cotovio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Champalimaud Research and Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatria e Sa\u00fade Mental, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 1449-005 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9171-0291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Champalimaud Research and Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatria e Sa\u00fade Mental, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Rodrigues da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Champalimaud Research and Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Champalimaud Research and Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Portuguese Red Cross Health School, 1300-125 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5071-3007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albino J.","family":"Oliveira-Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Champalimaud Research and Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0054-4","article-title":"Studying and modifying brain function with non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Nitsche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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