{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T12:44:43Z","timestamp":1772541883249,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a well-established instrument for the assessment of depressive symptoms in older adults, this has not been validated specifically for Portuguese older adults with cognitive impairment. The objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of two Portuguese versions of the GDS (GDS-27 and GDS-15) in a sample of Portuguese older adults with mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment. Clinicians assessed for major depressive disorder and cognitive functioning in 117 participants with mild-to-moderate cognitive decline (76.9% female, Mage = 83.66 years). The internal consistency of GDS-27 and GDS-15 were 0.874 and 0.812, respectively. There was a significant correlation between GDS-27 and GDS-15 with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (GDS-27: rho = 0.738, p &lt; 0.001; GDS-15: rho = 0.760, p &lt; 0.001), suggesting good validity. A cutoff point of 15\/16 in GDS-27 and 8\/9 in GDS-15 resulted in the identification of persons with depression (GDS-27: sensitivity 100%, specificity 63%; GDS-15: sensitivity 90%, specificity 62%). Overall, the GDS-27 and GDS-15 are reliable and valid instruments for the assessment of depression in Portuguese-speaking older adults with cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13081160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T11:08:43Z","timestamp":1691060923000},"page":"1160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Reliability and Validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale in a Sample of Portuguese Older Adults with Mild-to-Moderate Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8872-4307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana I.","family":"Justo-Henriques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit, Nursing (UICISA:E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3004-011 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9658-3519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia Care, Imserso, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"given":"Janessa O.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA"}]},{"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Bobrowicz-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Psychological Research and Social Intervention, Iscte-University Institute of Lisbon, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3050-4264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o L. Alves","family":"Ap\u00f3stolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit, Nursing (UICISA:E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3004-011 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8283-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of A Coru\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5868-4025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando L.","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, May 26). Depression. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/depression#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, May 26). Ageing and Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-and-health."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Statistics National Institute (2023, May 26). Portal de Estat\u00edsticas Oficiais Official Statistics Portal. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.pt."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1794","article-title":"Depression in primary care: Part 1-screening and diagnosis","volume":"365","author":"Ferenchick","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"149","article-title":"Depression and chronic diseases in the elderly","volume":"13","author":"Ozaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Da Soc. Bras. De Cl\u00ednica M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.05.009","article-title":"Depression and dementia: Cause, consequence or coincidence?","volume":"79","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"79","article-title":"A depress\u00e3o no idoso [Depression in the elderly]","volume":"43","author":"Drago","year":"2012","journal-title":"Millenium"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"19","article-title":"Depression in older people is underdiagnosed","volume":"258","author":"Allan","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Practitioner"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","article-title":"Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report","volume":"17","author":"Yesavage","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"American Psychological Association (2023, May 26). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)\u2014Construct: Depressive Symptoms. Available online: https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pi\/about\/publications\/caregivers\/practice-settings\/assessment\/tools\/geriatric-depression."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.104002","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of various forms of Geriatric Depression Scale for screening of depression among older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2154","article-title":"Is the Geriatric Depression Scale a reliable screening tool for depressive symptoms in elderly patients with cognitive impairment?","volume":"24","author":"Debruyne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1159\/000345787","article-title":"Factor structure of the Geriatric Depression Scale and relationships with cognition and function in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Havins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20100303-01","article-title":"Can older adults with dementia accurately report depression using brief forms? Reliability and validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale","volume":"36","author":"Lach","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610222000175","article-title":"Detecting depression in persons living with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"216","article-title":"Validity and reliability of Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (short form) in Turkish older adults","volume":"5","author":"Durmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"North Clin. Istanb."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1797536","article-title":"A psychometric properties evaluation of the Italian version of the geriatric depression scale","volume":"2018","author":"Galeoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depress. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2016.1199452","article-title":"A validity and reliability study of the Japanese version of the Geriatric Depression Scale 15 (GDS-15-J)","volume":"40","author":"Sugishita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/07317110802678680","article-title":"Clinical and Psychometric Validation of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) for Portuguese Elders","volume":"32","author":"Pocinho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"65","article-title":"Contribution to the adaptation of the Geriatric Depression Scale -15 into Portuguese","volume":"4","author":"Loureiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. De Enferm. De Ref."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.5944\/rppc.vol.23.num.2.2018.21050","article-title":"Exploring a capacity to screen of the European Portuguese version of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale","volume":"23","author":"Reis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. De Psicopatolog\u00eda Y Psicol. Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"29","article-title":"Screening capacity of Geriatric Depression Scale with 10 and 5 items","volume":"4","author":"Reis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. De Enferm. Ref."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1590\/S0047-20852007000200005","article-title":"Validade e fidedignidade da Escala de Depress\u00e3o Geri\u00e1trica na identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de idosos deprimidos em um hospital geral Validity and reliability of the geriatric depression scale for the identification of depressed patients in a general hospital","volume":"56","author":"Sousa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bras. De Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199910)14:10<858::AID-GPS35>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Short versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale: A study of their validity for the diagnosis of a major depressive episode according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV","volume":"14","author":"Almeida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610215000721","article-title":"Validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale and the collateral source version of the Geriatric Depression Scale in nursing homes","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.08.019","article-title":"Diagnostic validity and added value of the Geriatric Depression Scale for depression in primary care: A meta-analysis of GDS30 and GDS15","volume":"125","author":"Mitchell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2003.00133.x","article-title":"Comparing various short-form Geriatric Depression Scales leads to the GDS-5\/15","volume":"35","author":"Weeks","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4407","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of brief versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Pocklington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.5123\/S1679-49742017000300022","article-title":"Psychometric properties in instruments evaluation of reliability and validity","volume":"26","author":"Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. E Servi\u00e7os De Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v05n01_09","article-title":"Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version","volume":"5","author":"Yesavage","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13","article-title":"Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and-II in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"67","author":"Beck","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000072","article-title":"The Portuguese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II): Preliminary psychometric data with two nonclinical samples","volume":"27","author":"Campos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1538","article-title":"Depression among older people with cognitive impairment: Prevalence and detection","volume":"21","author":"McCabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v22n03_02","article-title":"Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) in Older Women","volume":"22","author":"Jefferson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445507303833","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) among community-dwelling older adults","volume":"32","author":"Segal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Modif."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00068-6","article-title":"Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with depressed geriatric inpatients","volume":"38","author":"Steer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"Mini-Mental State. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"9","article-title":"Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 popula\u00e7\u00e3o portuguesa da tradu\u00e7\u00e3o do \u201cMini Mental State Examination\u201d (MMSE) Adaptation to the Portuguese population of the translated \u201cMini Mental State Examination\u201d (MMSE)","volume":"1","author":"Guerreiro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ver. Port. De Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"10","article-title":"Novos valores normativos do Mini-Mental State Examination New normative values of Mini-Mental State Examination","volume":"2","author":"Morgado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sinapse"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"First, M.B., Williams, J.B.W., Karg, R.S., and Spitzer, R.L. (2015). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders, Clinician Version, American Psychiatric Association. SCID-5-CV."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Mar\u00f4co, J. (2011). An\u00e1lise Estat\u00edstica com o SPSS Statistics Statistical Analysis with SPSS Statistics, Report Number\u2014An\u00e1lise e Gest\u00e3o de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02288391","article-title":"The theory of the estimation of test reliability","volume":"2","author":"Kuder","year":"1937","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.1970.tb00432.x","article-title":"The theoretical foundations of principal factor analysis, canonical factor analysis, and alpha factor analysis","volume":"23","author":"McDonald","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200410135","article-title":"Estimation of the Youden Index and its associated cutoff point","volume":"47","author":"Fluss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biom. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1533","article-title":"Reliability, validity and factor structure of the GDS-15 in Iranian elderly","volume":"21","author":"Malakouti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriat. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/44.6.818","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the geriatric depression scale","volume":"44","author":"Adams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1749525","article-title":"Behavioral and Emotional Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Bologna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00888.x","article-title":"The criterion validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale: A systematic review","volume":"114","author":"Wancata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/8\/1160\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:24:59Z","timestamp":1760127899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/8\/1160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci13081160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13081160","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]}}}