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Evidence has been gathered, however, from behavioral experiments relying on simplified artificial languages, raising doubts on the generalizability of these results to natural contexts. Here, we tested if SL is affected by the composition of the speech streams by expositing participants to auditory streams containing either four nonsense words presenting a transitional probability (TP) of 1 (unmixed high-TP condition), four nonsense words presenting TPs of 0.33 (unmixed low-TP condition) or two nonsense words presenting a TP of 1, and two of a TP of 0.33 (mixed condition); first under incidental (implicit), and, subsequently, under intentional (explicit) conditions to further ascertain how prior knowledge modulates the results. Electrophysiological and behavioral data were collected from the familiarization and test phases of each of the SL tasks. Behavior results revealed reliable signs of SL for all the streams, even though differences across stream conditions failed to reach significance. The neural results revealed, however, facilitative processing of the mixed over the unmixed low-TP and the unmixed high-TP conditions in the N400 and P200 components, suggesting that moderate levels of entropy boost SL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15020198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T06:52:01Z","timestamp":1739515921000},"page":"198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Speech Stream Composition Affects Statistical Learning: Behavioral and Neural Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Cognition Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Cognition Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0586-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Lema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Cognition Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3190-9298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana R.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Cognition Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1127-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Cognition Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0644-5302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena Mendes","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Cognition Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5294.1926","article-title":"Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants","volume":"274","author":"Saffran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-L-18-0131","article-title":"Phonological learning influences label-object mapping in toddlers","volume":"62","author":"Breen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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