{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:51:51Z","timestamp":1765356711367,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aims to characterize football fans and non-fans and to compare their psychopathological symptoms with the latest normative values for the Portuguese population from Canavarro in 2007. Results showed that football fans and non-fans are mostly male, have an affective relationship, are childless, have secondary education or a high degree, and are employed or students; fans are more likely to be male, dating, unemployed, to have elementary education and be younger than non-fans. Football fans present significantly higher psychopathological symptoms than non-fans in somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, hostility, paranoid ideation and psychoticism and all psychopathological indexes. Football fans present values very close to those of populations with emotional distress in hostility and are above the mean of the general population in obsession\u2013compulsion, hostility, paranoid ideation and psychoticism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs10050085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T03:29:39Z","timestamp":1588562979000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparing Psychopathological Symptoms in Portuguese Football Fans and Non-fans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Leite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Portuguese Catholic University, Rua de Cam\u00f5es 60, 4710-362 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3028-0563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Ramires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tourism &amp; Hospitality School, University Europeia, Rua Laura Ayres 4, 1650-510 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports &amp; Health School, University Europeia, Estrada da Correia 53, 1500-210 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport, University Lus\u00f3fona, Rua de Augusto Rosa 24, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lder Fernando Pedrosa e","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics (DM. UTAD), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2777-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo Guedes","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2198-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alzira Pimenta","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Subculturas de adeptos de futebol e hostilidades violentas\u2013O caso portugu\u00eas no contexto europeu [Subcultures of football fans and violent hostilities\u2013The Portuguese case in the European context]","volume":"5\/6","author":"Marivoet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Config.-Rev. 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