{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:27:15Z","timestamp":1775089635030,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission","award":["2020-1-FR01-KA202-080354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1-FR01-KA202-080354"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aims to clarify the psychosocial variables that lead women to undertake and those that prevent them from doing so. Two studies were conducted using a mixed methodology to compensate for the inherent weaknesses of using each approach. The first study was based on the collection of quantitative data using the GloPEW questionnaire with a sample of 296 people. The second study, of a qualitative nature, was carried out through focus groups with a sample of 26 people. The results show that self-efficacy and emotional intelligence are the main factors to develop to promote entrepreneurship among women. Although the data show statistical strength, it seems necessary to expand the sample and incorporate more profiles of female entrepreneurs, for example, with different levels of training, given the complexity and variety of intervening factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13040313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T01:10:27Z","timestamp":1680743427000},"page":"313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Psychosocial Factors Affecting Women\u2019s Entrepreneurship"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7588-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Peris-Delcampo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Methodology and Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Psychology, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}]},{"given":"Catia Miriam","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Studies, ISCTE Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9220-7062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Moriconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Studies, ISCTE Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6869-617X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Cant\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Methodology and Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Garcia-Mas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Psychology, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2022, October 10). Agenda 2030. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/gender-equality\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E0008","DOI":"10.30554\/lumina.v22.n2.3869.2021","article-title":"Emprendimiento en mujeres y j\u00f3venes: Una revisi\u00f3n de la literatura","volume":"22","author":"Campos","year":"2021","journal-title":"L\u00famina"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.12795\/CP.2021.i30.v2.04","article-title":"Factores determinantes del emprendimiento femenino en Espa\u00f1a: Identificaci\u00f3n y an\u00e1lisis de una realidad","volume":"2","author":"Miguel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cuest. Pedag\u00f3gicas Rev. Cienc. Educ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.7200\/esicm.149.0453.2e","article-title":"Caracterizaci\u00f3n del emprendimiento aut\u00f3nomo en Espa\u00f1a. Un an\u00e1lisis desde la perspectiva de g\u00e9nero","volume":"45","year":"2014","journal-title":"ESIC Mark."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1521","article-title":"An International Study of Correlates of Women\u2019s Positive Body Image","volume":"12","author":"Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"171","article-title":"Los estados emocionales y su relaci\u00f3n con las atribuciones y las expectativas de autoeficacia en el deporte","volume":"21","author":"Checa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Deporte"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01557","article-title":"Women Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Review to Outline the Boundaries of Scientific Literature","volume":"11","author":"Cardella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Elam, A.B., Brush, C.G., Greene, P.G., Baumer, B., Dean, M., and Heavlow, R. (2019). Women\u2019s Entrepreneurship Report 2018\/2019, Global Entrepreneurship Research Association."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Women and men in entrepreneurship","volume":"2","author":"Popescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Manag. Econ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1057\/ejdr.2010.18","article-title":"Female entrepreneurship and economic activity","volume":"22","author":"Minniti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"59","article-title":"El proyecto ERASMUS+ ELIT-in: \u201cIntegration of elite athletes into the labor market\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Ponseti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cult. Cienc. Deporte"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00922","article-title":"Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure and Action of Women Entrepreneurs: Exploring the Moderation Effects of Entrepreneurial Competencies in a Developing Country Context","volume":"11","author":"Botha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1080\/0950069032000052207","article-title":"Skill and will: The role of motivation and cognition in the learning of college chemistry","volume":"25","author":"Zusho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/jsbm.12178","article-title":"Entrepreneurship, Leadership, and the Value of Feminist Approaches to Understanding Them","volume":"53","author":"Galloway","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paoloni, P., and Serafini, G. (2018). Female Entrepreneurship in Perspective: A Methodological Issue. Adm. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci8040067"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkki, S., Dalla Torre, C., Fransala, J., \u017divojinovi\u0107, I., Ludvig, A., G\u00f3rriz-Mifsud, E., Melnykovych, M., Sfeir, P.R., Arbia, L., and Bengoumi, M. (2021). Reconstructive Social Innovation Cycles in Women-Led Initiatives in Rural Areas. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031231"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/ijmr.12192","article-title":"Innovation in Family Firms: A Systematic Literature Review and Guidance for Future Research","volume":"21","author":"Vecchiarini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/09537325.2016.1215421","article-title":"Stimulating Creative Entrepreneurial Initiatives: A Flow Diagram for Strategic Planning","volume":"29","author":"Calvo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.435341","article-title":"Is Ambition a Gendered Issue? Students\u2019 vs Employees\u00b4 Antecedents of Ambition about Leadership","volume":"37","year":"2021","journal-title":"An. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousafzai, S., Fayolle, A., Lindgreen, A., Henry, C., Saeed, S., and Sheikh, S. (2018). Women Entrepreneurs and the Myth of \u2018Underperformance\u2019, Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781786434500"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.453711","article-title":"Entrepreneurial Personality, Conscientiousness, Self-Control, and Grit: The Psychological Side of Self-Employment","volume":"37","author":"Postigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"An. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bosma, N., Hill, S., Ionescu-Somers, A., Kelly, D., Guerrero, M., and Schott, T. (2021). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2020\/2021 Global Report, Global Entrepreneurship Research Association."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242620914520","article-title":"The influence of entrepreneurial personality on franchisee performance: A cross-cultural analysis","volume":"38","author":"Watson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Small Bus. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-005-1561-3","article-title":"Entrepreneurship in the EU: To Wish and Not to Be","volume":"26","author":"Grilo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Hisrich, R., and Peters, M. (2002). Entrepreneurship, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Rioja, J.G., Aran\u00edbar, J.A., Vaca, J., Maturana, M.D., Guti\u00e9rrez, M.M., Rojas, M.L., and Tapia, S.W. (2010). M\u00f3dulo de Formaci\u00f3n para el Esp\u00edritu Emprendedor, Fundaci\u00f3n Educaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo FAUTAPO."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Halabisky, D. (2017). Policy Brief on Women\u2019s Entrepreneurship, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eib, C., and Siegert, S. (2019). Is Fem le Entrepreneurship Only Empowering for Single Women? Evidence from France and Germany. Soc. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci8040128"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/0001699316675022","article-title":"Women\u2019s Disadvantage in Holding Supervisory Positions. Variations among European Countries and the Role of Horizontal Gender Segregation","volume":"60","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Sociol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"363","article-title":"Social Entrepreneurship, Age and Gender: Toward a Model of Social Involvement in Entrepreneurship","volume":"31","author":"Maalaoui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Entrep. Small Bus."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"45","article-title":"Entrepreneurship\u2014A Key for Women Empowerment","volume":"4","author":"Franco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"101","article-title":"Empreender No Feminino Em Portugal: Motiva\u00e7\u00f5es e Obst\u00e1culos","volume":"4","author":"Bernardino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Gato, M. (2019). Boas Pr\u00e1ticas de Promo\u00e7\u00e3o de Igualdade Entre Mulheres e Homens Em Cargos de Gest\u00e3o e Lideran\u00e7a Em Portugal. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e2022930","article-title":"Analyzing the Profile of the Manager from the Perspective of the Employees: A Case Study","volume":"19","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"75","article-title":"Equil\u00edbrio Entre Mulheres e Homens Nos \u00d3rg\u00e3os de Governo Das Empresas Cotadas Em Bolsa: A Influ\u00eancia Do Compromisso Estrat\u00e9gico Empresarial","volume":"96","author":"Nuno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sociol. Probl. Pr\u00e1ticas"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"67","article-title":"Glass ceiling and gender discrimination: A study on causes and impacts on female managers","volume":"3","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Abhinav-Natl. Mon. Refereed J. Res. Commer. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/15428052.2019.1640156","article-title":"Gender Differences in the Evolution of Haute Cuisine Chef\u2019s Career","volume":"18","author":"Haddaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Culin. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/0001839216682728","article-title":"Leanin Out: How Negative Recruitment Experiences Shape Women\u2019s Decisions to Compete for Executive Roles","volume":"62","author":"Brands","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peris-Ortiz, M., Teulon, F., and Bonet-Fernandez, D. (2017). Social Entrepreneurship in Non-Profit and Profit Sectors, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50850-4"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9523.2008.00475.x","article-title":"Reason for the Relatively Lower Entrepreneurial Activity Levels of Rural Women in Spain","volume":"49","author":"Driga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sociol. Rural."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-005-1984-x","article-title":"Perceptual Variables and Nascent Entrepreneurship","volume":"24","author":"Arenius","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(00)00066-5","article-title":"Restricted Access to Markets Characterises Women-Owned Businesses","volume":"17","author":"Bates","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ventur."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1732","article-title":"Skirting the Issues: Experimental Evidence of Gender Bias in IPO Prospectus Evaluations","volume":"40","author":"Bigelow","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/1081602X.2014.934880","article-title":"Female and Male Domestic Partners in Wine-Grape Farms (Cognac, France): Conjugal Asymmetry and Gender Discrimination in Family Businesses","volume":"19","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hist. Fam."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"80","article-title":"Women Entrepreneurs in France","volume":"30","author":"Vial","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Entrep. Small Bus."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.7748\/nr2001.04.8.3.45.c6157","article-title":"Focus group methodology","volume":"8","author":"Lane","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nurse Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.1998.10846874","article-title":"Focus group methodology: A review","volume":"1","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Skills-4U (2022, June 04). Erasmus + Project: Soft Skills for Enterpreneurs. Available online: https:\/\/www.skills-4u.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: Toward unifying theory of behavioural change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069","article-title":"Happiness Is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being","volume":"57","author":"Ryff","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Salovey, P., and Sluyter, D. Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Implications for Educators, Basic Books."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200403","article-title":"Historical origins of the Health Belief Model","volume":"2","author":"Rosenstock","year":"1974","journal-title":"Health Educ. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Butler, J. (2003). New Perspectives on Women Entrepreneurs, Information Age Publishing."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/03098260600927575","article-title":"A Practical Guide to Focus-Group Research","volume":"30","author":"Breen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geogr. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpto.2014.11.004","article-title":"Effects of emotional intelligence on entrepreneurial intention and self-efficacy","volume":"30","author":"Mortan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Trab. Organ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-013-0251-x","article-title":"Socio-cultural factors and female entrepreneurship","volume":"9","author":"Noguera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Entrep. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/08985626.2018.1551787","article-title":"Gendered cognitions: A socio-cognitive model of how gender affects entrepreneurial preferences","volume":"31","author":"Wieland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entrep. Reg. Dev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2007.00179.x","article-title":"Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education","volume":"31","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Entrep. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Systematic Literature Review of Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurial Abilities","volume":"7","author":"Chirania","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Entrep. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/2455265820150202","article-title":"The influence of emotional intelligence on entrepreneurial orientation of enterprises owned by women entrepreneur","volume":"4","author":"Dixit","year":"2015","journal-title":"FIIB Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Manjarrez, A.J. (2019). Impacto de la Inteligencia Emocional en el Emprendimiento Femenino. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidad de Quintana Roo]."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"123","article-title":"Relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial behavior","volume":"14","author":"Neqabi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/08276331.2007.10593408","article-title":"The emotional intelligence of entrepreneurs","volume":"20","author":"Rhee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Small Bus. Entrep."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"47","article-title":"Comparing subjective and objective indicators to describe the national entrepreneurial context: The global entrepreneurship monitor and the global competitiveness index contributions","volume":"26","author":"Coduras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Reg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01073","article-title":"Concept Mapping of Career Motivation of Women with Higher Education","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Minniti, M., and Arenius, P. (, January April). Women in entrepreneurship. Proceedings of the Entrepreneurial Advantage of Nations: First Annual Global Entrepreneurship Symposium, New York, NY, USA."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/13\/4\/313\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:10:42Z","timestamp":1760123442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/13\/4\/313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["bs13040313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs13040313","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]}}}