{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T07:57:50Z","timestamp":1768982270745,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]],"date-time":"2023-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["CEECINST\/00051\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00051\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","award":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","award":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","award":["CEECINST\/00051\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00051\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long COVID is a multisystem condition that has multiple consequences for the physical, mental, and social health of COVID-19 survivors. The impact of the long COVID condition remains unclear, particularly among middle-aged and older adults, who are at greater risk than younger people of persisting symptoms associated with COVID-19. Therefore, we aimed to understand the experiences of middle-aged and older people who had been hospitalized for COVID-19 and the repercussions of long-term COVID symptoms in their daily lives. A qualitative study was carried out, adopting the framework of the constructivist grounded theory (CGT) proposed by Kathy Charmaz. Fifty-six middle-aged and older adult participants from the southern region of Brazil were recruited. Data were gathered from semi-structured telephone interviews. Concomitantly a comparative analysis was performed to identify categories and codes using the MaxQDA\u00ae software (version 2022). Three subcategories were identified: (1) experiencing COVID-19 in the acute phase; (2) oscillating between \u2018good days\u2019 and \u2018bad days\u2019 in long COVID; and (3) (re)constructing identity. These concepts interact with each other and converge upon the central category of this study: recasting oneself to the uniqueness of the illness experience of long COVID. Our findings provided insights related to the disruption in the lives of long COVID-19 sufferers who still live with persistent symptoms of the disease, including physical, social, family, emotional and spiritual repercussions. Likewise, this study may aid in developing friendly and welcoming social environments, lowering stigma and prejudice towards patients with long COVID, and fostering prompt and suitable policy support and mental health care for these individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T20:42:30Z","timestamp":1703450550000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Illness Experiences of Brazilian People Who Were Hospitalized Due to COVID-19 and Faced Long COVID Repercussions in Their Daily Life: A Constructivist Grounded Theory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8578-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francielle Renata Danielli Martins","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Av. Colombo, 5790\u2014Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1080-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Laranjeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic University of Leiria, Rua de Santo Andr\u00e9-66-68, Campus 5, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of \u00c9vora, 7000-801 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Av. Colombo, 5790\u2014Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0977-024X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana Martins","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Av. Colombo, 5790\u2014Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9750-3576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanessa Cristina","family":"Baccon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Av. Colombo, 5790\u2014Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Marcelle","family":"Paiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Av. Colombo, 5790\u2014Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Denardi Antoniassi","family":"Baldissera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Av. Colombo, 5790\u2014Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Maria Aparecida","family":"Salci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Av. Colombo, 5790\u2014Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Aleem, A., Dulebohn, S., and Di Napoli, R. (2023, August 10). Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19), StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554776\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354920969169","article-title":"Social Determinants of Health and Health Disparities: COVID-19 Exposures and Mortality Among African American People in the United States","volume":"136","author":"Maness","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, W., Wang, Y., Yuan, J., Guo, Z., Liu, J., and Liu, M. (2022). Global Excess Mortality during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101702"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, J., He, D., Yang, D., Wang, M., Ma, W., Cui, H., Ye, F., Wang, F., Xu, J., and Li, Z. (2021). Severity-associated markers and assessment model for predicting the severity of COVID-19: A retrospective study in Hangzhou, China. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06509-6"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayoub, H.H., Chemaitelly, H., Seedat, S., Mumtaz, G.R., Makhoul, M., and Abu-Raddad, L. (2020). Age could be driving variable SARS-CoV-2 epidemic trajectories worldwide. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.13.20059253"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanbehzadeh, S., Zanjari, N., Yassin, M., Yassin, Z., and Tavahomi, M. (2023). Association between long COVID, functional activity, and health-related quality of life in older adults. BMC Geriatr., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03757-w"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e657","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.657","article-title":"COVID-19 mortality and its predictors in the elderly: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Dadras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7121e1","article-title":"Post\u2013COVID Conditions Among Adult COVID-19 Survivors Aged 18\u201364 and \u226565 Years\u2014United States, March 2020\u2013November 2021","volume":"71","author":"Baca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"226","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"WHO (2023, June 25). Post COVID-19 Condition (Long COVID). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/item\/post-covid-19-condition."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","article-title":"Long COVID: Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113426","article-title":"How and why patients made Long Covid","volume":"268","author":"Callard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2022.03.005","article-title":"Long COVID-19","volume":"38","author":"Laosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604501","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2022.1604501","article-title":"Long COVID Through a Public Health Lens: An Umbrella Review","volume":"43","author":"Nittas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingo, F.R., Waddell, L.A., Cheung, A.M., Cooper, C.L., Belcourt, V.J., Zuckermann, A.M.E., Corrin, T., Ahmad, R., Boland, L., and Laprise, C. (2021). Prevalence of long-term effects in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19: An updated living systematic review. Epidemiology.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.03.21258317"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005427","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005427","article-title":"Characterising long COVID: A living systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Michelen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2111417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417","article-title":"Assessment of the Frequency and Variety of Persistent Symptoms Among Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review","volume":"4","author":"Nasserie","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.07.063","article-title":"Persistent symptoms, quality of life, and risk factors in long COVID: A cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients in Brazil","volume":"122","author":"Botelho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salci, M.A., Carreira, L., Baccon, W.C., Marques, F.R.D.M., H\u00f6ring, C.F., Oliveira, M.L.F.D., Milan, N.S., de Souza, F.C.S., Gallo, A.M., and Covre, E.R. (J. Clin. Nurs., 2023). Perceived quality of life and associated factors in long COVID syndrome among older Brazilians: A cross-sectional study, J. Clin. Nurs., advance online publication.","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16618"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e17189","article-title":"Prevalence, Pattern and Functional Outcome of Post COVID-19 Syndrome in Older Adults","volume":"13","author":"Sathyamurthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.09.035","article-title":"Characteristics of long-COVID among older adults: A cross-sectional study","volume":"125","author":"Daitch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.07.003","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of persistence of COVID-19 symptoms in older adults: A single-center study","volume":"22","author":"Tosato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia2030109","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic as a Transitional Event: From the Perspective of the Transition Theory","volume":"2","author":"Heanoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.M., Das, J., Rahman, F., Nesa, F., Hossain, P., Islam, A.M.K., Tasnim, S., Faizah, F., Mazumder, H., and Purohit, N. (2023). Living with \u201clong COVID\u201d: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative evidence. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281884"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/00012272-200009000-00006","article-title":"Experiencing transitions: An emerging middle-range theory. ANS","volume":"23","author":"Meleis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-023-00570-2","article-title":"Patients\u2019 lived experience and reflections on long COVID: An interpretive phenomenological analysis within an integrated adult primary care psychology NHS service","volume":"7","author":"Skilbeck","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Patient Rep. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2304550","article-title":"Toward Comprehensive Care for Long Covid","volume":"388","author":"Nikolich","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1188\/17.ONF.645-649","article-title":"Uncertainty in Illness: Theory Review, Application, and Extension","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.924","article-title":"Illness uncertainty among patients with COVID-19 in the Mobile Cabin Hospital","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs. Open"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01039-2","article-title":"A quantitative and qualitative study on the neuropsychiatric sequelae of acutely ill COVID-19 inpatients in isolation facilities","volume":"10","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladds, E., Rushforth, A., Wieringa, S., Taylor, S., Rayner, C., Husain, L., and Greenhalgh, T. (2020). Persistent symptoms after Covid-19: Qualitative study of 114 \u201clong Covid\u201d patients and draft quality principles for services. BMC Health Serv. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-06001-y"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chasco, E.E., Dukes, K., Jones, D., Comellas, A.P., Hoffman, R.M., and Garg, A. (2022). Brain Fog and Fatigue following COVID-19 Infection: An Exploratory Study of Patient Experiences of Long COVID. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315499"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-022-00630-8","article-title":"\u2018Brain fog\u2019, guilt, and gratitude: Experiences of symptoms and life changes in older survivors 6 months after hospitalisation for COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Heiberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648086","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.648086","article-title":"The Social Lives of Infectious Diseases: Why Culture Matters to COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Bayeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"United Nations (2023, August 10). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available online: https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/post2015\/transformingourworld."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e061094","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061094","article-title":"Post-acute COVID and long-COVID among adults and older adults in the State of Paran\u00e1, Brazil: Protocol for an ambispective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Salci","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing Ground Theory: A Pratical Guide through Qualitative Analysis, Sage Publication."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2020.1780357","article-title":"The pursuit of quality in grounded theory","volume":"18","author":"Charmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Sanchez, M., Moura, E., Moreira, J., Lima, R., Barreto, I., Pereira, C., and Santos, L. (2021). Mortality from COVID-19 in Brazil: Analysis of death\u2019s civil registry from 2020 January to 2021 February. SciELO Prepr."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"WHO (2023, August 11). World Report on Ageing and Health. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/186468\/WHO_FWC_ALC_15.01_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e849","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00245-8","article-title":"Long COVID and older people","volume":"3","author":"Mansell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiavi, M., Fugazzaro, S., Bertolini, A., Denti, M., Mainini, C., Accogli, M.A., Bedogni, G., Ghizzoni, D., Esseroukh, O., and Gualdi, C. (2022). \u201cLike before, but not exactly\u201d: The Qualy-REACT qualitative inquiry into the lived experience of long COVID. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13035-w"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000057","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2018-000057","article-title":"Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: A balance of relationship and rigour","volume":"7","author":"DeJonckheere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fam. Med. Com. Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67003","DOI":"10.12957\/reuerj.2022.67003","article-title":"(Re)discovering the grounded theory for research in nursing: Reflections on the relativist strand","volume":"30","author":"Carvalho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Enferm. UERJ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e4diker, S., and Kuckartz, U. (2019). Analyse Qualitativer Daten mit MAXQDA, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-22095-2"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13280","article-title":"Experience of patients hospitalized with COVID-19: A qualitative study of a pandemic disease in Iran","volume":"25","author":"Jamili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Expect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogusz, R., Nowakowska, L., Majchrowska, A., Patryn, R., Pawlikowski, J., Zagaja, A., Kici\u0144ski, P., Pacyna, M., and Puacz, E. (2022). Convalescents\u2019 Reports on COVID-19 Experience\u2014A Qualitative Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19106147"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102187","article-title":"Lived experiences of the corona survivors (patients admitted in COVID wards): A narrative real-life documented summaries of internalized guilt, shame, stigma, anger","volume":"53","author":"Sahoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcinowicz, L., Fejfer-Wirbal, E., Taranta, E., Chlabicz, S., and Terlikowski, S.J. (2022). Experiences and Expectations of Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Qualitative Study in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052992"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000875","article-title":"The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure","volume":"39","author":"Garfin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19556","DOI":"10.2196\/19556","article-title":"The Impact of Social Media on Panic During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: Online Questionnaire Study","volume":"22","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venturas, M., Prats, J., Querol, E., Zabalegui, A., Fabrellas, N., Rivera, P., Casafont, C., Cuzco, C., Fr\u00edas, C.E., and Oliv\u00e9, M.C. (2021). Lived Experiences of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Qualitative Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010958"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.12.031","article-title":"Opportunities to improve COVID-19 provider communication resources: A systematic review","volume":"104","author":"Wittenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220000988","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"32","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21501319231184368","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319231184368","article-title":"Unmet Needs and Coping Strategies of Older Underserved Veterans During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"14","author":"Haltom","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Prim. Care Community Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-82860-4.00017-3","article-title":"COVID-19: A family\u2019s perspective","volume":"4","author":"Delgado","year":"2022","journal-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"10664807221131006","article-title":"The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Family Well-Being: A Literature Review","volume":"5","author":"Gayatri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fam. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Costa ESilva, G.R., Moura, W.\u00c9.A., Dos Santos, K.C., Gomes, D.O., Bandeira, G.N., Guimar\u00e3es, R.A., Rosso, C.F.W., Bazilio, G.S., Leite, V.R.M.C., and Caetano, K.A.A. (2023). Long-Term Symptoms after Mild Coronavirus Disease in Healthy Healthcare Professionals: A 12-Month Prospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021483"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Bao, S., and Chen, Y. (2022). The Illness Experience of Long COVID Patients: A Qualitative Study Based on the Online Q&A Community Zhihu. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169827"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113604","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity and protracted symptoms after COVID-19","volume":"295","author":"Poyraz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.01.028","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in Clinical Presentation of Covid-19: The EPICOVID19 Web-Based Survey","volume":"86","author":"Trevisan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.115669","article-title":"Towards evidence-based and inclusive models of peer support for long covid: A hermeneutic systematic review","volume":"320","author":"Mullard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1177\/10547738211016951","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Growth Experiences among COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in China: A Qualitative Study","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2021.07.002","article-title":"Postacute Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohn, L., Dauvrin, M., Detollenaere, J., Primus-de Jong, C., Maertens De Noordhout, C., Castanares-Zapatero, D., Cleemput, I., and Heede, K.V.D. (2022). Long COVID and return to work: A qualitative study. Occup. Med., kqac119.","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqac119"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827320","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.827320","article-title":"Hope and Optimism as an Opportunity to Improve the \u201cPositive Mental Health\u201d Demand","volume":"13","author":"Laranjeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985879","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.985879","article-title":"Prediction of post-traumatic growth in the face of the COVID-19 crisis based on resilience, post-traumatic stress and social participation: A longitudinal study","volume":"13","author":"Collado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461520965424","article-title":"How metaphors shape the particularities of illness and healing experiences","volume":"60","author":"Gibbs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transcult. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.249","article-title":"The use of the concept of transition in different disciplines within health and social welfare: An integrative literature review","volume":"6","author":"Lindmark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurs. Open."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/polsoc\/puab011","article-title":"\u201cNew normal\u201d at work in a post-COVID world: Work\u2013life balance and labor markets","volume":"41","author":"Vyas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Policy Soc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/13678868.2022.2047380","article-title":"Remote work and work-life balance: Lessons learned from the covid-19 pandemic and suggestions for HRD practitioners","volume":"25","author":"Shirmohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Dev. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213288","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1213288","article-title":"Editorial: Mental health promotion during COVID-19: Applications from self-care resources, lifestyles, and environments","volume":"14","author":"Luis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879846","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.879846","article-title":"Promotion of Resilience and Emotional Self-Care in Families and Health Professionals in Times of COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Bermejo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, C., Baz, S.A., Sheard, L., and Carpentieri, J. (Sociol. Health Illn., 2023). \u2018I am just a shadow of who I used to be\u2019\u2014Exploring existential loss of identity among people living with chronic conditions of Long COVID, Sociol. Health Illn., advance online publication.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13690"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132584","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1132584","article-title":"An in-depth introduction to arts-based spiritual healthcare: Creatively seeking and expressing purpose and meaning","volume":"14","author":"Laranjeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12588","article-title":"Loss and Resilience in the Time of COVID-19: Meaning Making, Hope, and Transcendence","volume":"59","author":"Walsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fam. Proc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805019","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.805019","article-title":"Keeping the Faith: Religion, Positive Coping, and Mental Health of Caregivers During COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Sen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e068481","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068481","article-title":"Lived experience of patients with Long COVID: A qualitative study in the UK","volume":"13","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32705-7","article-title":"Long COVID guidelines need to reflect lived experience","volume":"397","author":"Gorna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/14\/1\/14\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:52Z","timestamp":1760132452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/14\/1\/14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["bs14010014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs14010014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]}}}