{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:44:33Z","timestamp":1773009873842,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05704\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Providing spiritual care is paramount to patient-centered care. Despite the growing body of data and its recognized importance in palliative care, spiritual care continues to be the least advanced and most overlooked aspect. This study aims to explore the perceptions and experiences of spiritual care from the perspective of PC professionals and identify their strategies to address spiritual care issues. Data were collected through semi-structured personal interviews and managed using WebQDA software (Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal). All data were analyzed using thematic content analysis, as recommended by Clark and Braun. The study included 15 palliative care professionals with a mean age of 38.51 [SD = 5.71] years. Most participants identified as lacking specific training in spiritual care. Thematic analysis spawned three main themes: (1) spiritual care as key to palliative care, (2) floating between \u201cshadows\u201d and \u201clight\u201d in providing spiritual care, and (3) strategies for competent and spiritual-centered care. Spiritual care was considered challenging by its very nature and given the individual, relational, and organizational constraints lived by professionals working in palliative care. With support from healthcare institutions, spiritual care can and should become a defining feature of the type, nature, and quality of palliative care provision. Care providers should be sensitive to spiritual needs and highly skilled and capable of an in-the-moment approach to respond to these needs. Further research on educating and training in spiritual care competence is a priority.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14020134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T04:09:21Z","timestamp":1707797361000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Spiritual Care through the Lens of Portuguese Palliative Care Professionals: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Juliana","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Palliative Care Team, Local Health Unit of the Leiria Region, Hospital of Santo Andr\u00e9, Rua das Olhalvas, 2410-197 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5021-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Querido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 5, Rua de Santo Andr\u00e9\u201466\u201368, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), NursID, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1080-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Laranjeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 5, Rua de Santo Andr\u00e9\u201466\u201368, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of \u00c9vora, 7000-801 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2018.0431","article-title":"National Consensus Project Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care Guidelines, 4th Edition","volume":"21","author":"Ferrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2009.0142","article-title":"Improving the quality of spiritual care as a dimension of palliative care: The report of the Consensus Conference","volume":"12","author":"Puchalski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00098-2","article-title":"\u2018Total pain\u2019, disciplinary power and the body in the work of Cicely Saunders, 1958\u20131967","volume":"49","author":"Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, December 10). WHO Definition of Palliative Care. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/cancer\/palliative\/definition\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.5209\/PSIC.54442","article-title":"El acompa\u00f1amiento espiritual en cuidados paliativos","volume":"13","author":"Benito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psicooncolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803792","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.803792","article-title":"Suffering a Healthy Life-On the Existential Dimension of Health","volume":"13","author":"Binder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, D. (2018). Cicely Saunders: A Life and Egacy, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190637934.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassell, E.J. (2004). The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195156164.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Barbosa, A., Pina, P., Tavares, F., and Neto, I.G. (2016). Manual de Cuidados Paliativos, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Best, M., Leget, C., Goodhead, A., and Paal, P. (2020). An EAPC white paper on multi-disciplinary education for spiritual care in palliative care. BMC Palliat. Care, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-019-0508-4"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koper, I., Pasman, H.R.W., Schweitzer, B.P.M., Kuin, A., and Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B.D. (2019). Spiritual care at the end of life in the primary care setting: Experiences from spiritual caregivers-a mixed methods study. BMC Palliat. Care, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-019-0484-8"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2014.9427","article-title":"Improving the spiritual dimension of whole person care: Reaching national and international consensus","volume":"17","author":"Puchalski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"353","article-title":"The role of spirituality at end of life in Nova Scotia\u2019s Black community","volume":"33","author":"Bernard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Relig. Spiritual. Soc. Work."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/NJH.0000000000000584","article-title":"Rise Above: Experiences of Spirituality Among Family Caregivers Caring for Their Dying Family Member in a Hospice Setting in Pakistan","volume":"21","author":"Lalani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Palliat. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14648","article-title":"Meeting patients\u2019 spiritual needs during end-of-life care: A qualitative study of nurses\u2019 and healthcare professionals\u2019 perceptions of spiritual care training","volume":"28","author":"Kinloch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/08854726.2021.2015055","article-title":"Addressing spiritual needs in palliative care: Proposal for a narrative and interfaith spiritual care intervention for chaplaincy","volume":"29","author":"Wierstra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Health Care Chaplain."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674453","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.674453","article-title":"The Process of Spiritual Care","volume":"12","author":"Nissen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-020-01113-5","article-title":"Nurses and Patients\u2019 Perspectives on Spiritual Health Assessment","volume":"60","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post, L., Ganzevoort, R., and Verdonck-de Leeuw, I. (2020). Transcending the suffering in cancer: Impact of a spiritual life review intervention on spiritual re-evaluation, spiritual growth and psycho-spiritual wellbeing. Religions, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rel11030142"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-019-00912-9","article-title":"A Narrative Approach to Spirituality and Spiritual Care in Health Care","volume":"59","author":"Lasair","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"150","article-title":"Spirituality, religion and palliative care","volume":"3","author":"Richardson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.14475\/jhpc.2023.26.4.149","article-title":"Spiritual Care Guide in Hospice\u2219Palliative Care","volume":"26","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2015.04.017","article-title":"Do patients want doctors to talk about spirituality? A systematic literature review","volume":"98","author":"Best","year":"2015","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v11.i8.449","article-title":"Impact of spiritual care on the spiritual and mental health and quality of life of patients with advanced cancer","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.08.004","article-title":"The influence of spirituality and religiousness on suicide risk and mental health of patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"80","author":"Loureiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"44","article-title":"Spiritual care in nursing: An overview of the measures used to assess spiritual care provision and related factors amongst nurses","volume":"90","author":"Harrad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933767","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.933767","article-title":"Exercising Hope in Palliative Care Is Celebrating Spirituality: Lessons and Challenges in Times of Pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Laranjeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2017.07.028","article-title":"State of the Science of Spirituality and Palliative Care Research Part I: Definitions, Measurement, and Outcomes","volume":"54","author":"Steinhauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain. Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance [WPCA] (2014). Global Atlas of Palliative Care at the End of Life, WHO."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009392","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009392","article-title":"Patient and healthcare perspectives on the importance and efficacy of addressing spiritual issues within an interdisciplinary bone marrow transplant clinic: A qualitative study","volume":"5","author":"Sinclair","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suponc.2011.09.003","article-title":"The role of spirituality and religious coping in the Quality of Life of patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative radiation therapy","volume":"10","author":"Vallurupalli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Support. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1004","article-title":"Spiritual well-being of patients with chronic renal failure: A cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Open"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Britt, K.C., Boateng, A.C., Zhao, H., Ezeokonkwo, F.C., Federwitz, C., and Epps, F. (2023). Spiritual Needs of Older Adults Living with Dementia: An Integrative Review. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11091319"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gijsberts, M.H.E., Liefbroer, A.I., Otten, R., and Olsman, E. (2019). Spiritual Care in Palliative Care: A Systematic Review of the Recent European Literature. Med. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci7020025"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-021-01206-9","article-title":"Valuing the Spiritual","volume":"60","author":"Hall","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Best, M.C., Vivat, B., and Gijsberts, M.-J. (2023). Spiritual Care in Palliative Care. Religions, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rel14030320"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12411","article-title":"The qualitative findings from an online survey investigating nurses\u2019 perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care","volume":"22","author":"McSherry","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, B., and Connolly, M. (2023). Spirituality in palliative care. BMC Palliat. Care., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-022-01116-x"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2017.07.029","article-title":"State of the Science of Spirituality and Palliative Care Research Part II: Screening, Assessment, and Interventions","volume":"54","author":"Balboni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain. Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.11086","article-title":"Spirituality in Serious Illness and Health","volume":"328","author":"Balboni","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.10.020","article-title":"Research subgroup of European Association for Palliative Care Spiritual Care Taskforce. Research priorities in spiritual care: An international survey of palliative care researchers and clinicians","volume":"48","author":"Selman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pain. Symptom. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laranjeira, C., Benito, E., Dixe, M.A., Dones, M., Specos, M., and Querido, A. (2023). SPACEE Protocol: \u201cSpiritual Care Competence\u201d in PAlliative Care Education and PracticE: Mixed-Methods Research in the Development of Iberian Guidelines. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043505"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"226","article-title":"Qualitative research: Data collection, analysis, and management","volume":"68","author":"Sutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/jtsb.12248","article-title":"Towards a critical realist epistemology?","volume":"50","author":"Alberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Theory Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Z., Wu, P., Luo, A., Ho, T.L., Chen, C.Y., and Cheng, S.Y. (2020). Perceptions and practices of spiritual care among hospice physicians and nurses in a Taiwanese tertiary hospital: A qualitative study. BMC Palliat. Care, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-020-00608-y"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Navarro, E.B., Medina-Ortega, A., and Garc\u00eda Navarro, S. (2021). Spirituality in Patients at the End of Life-Is It Necessary? A Qualitative Approach to the Protagonists. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010227"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Braun, V., and Clarke, V. (2013). Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners, Sage."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Padgett, D.K. (2017). Qualitative Methods in Social Work Research, Sage Publications Inc.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000919748.95749.e5","article-title":"Spiritual Care as a Core Component of Palliative Nursing","volume":"123","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2006.09.014","article-title":"Healing connections: On moving from suffering to a sense of wellbeing","volume":"33","author":"Mount","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105316664138","article-title":"The interface between psychology and spirituality in palliative care","volume":"24","author":"Rego","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/19349637.2011.593405","article-title":"The multiple determinants of religious behaviors and spiritual beliefs on well-being","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Spirit. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01997","article-title":"The Relationship Between Spirituality, Health-Related Behavior, and Psychological Well-Being","volume":"11","author":"Nowak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Netzer, G. (2018). Families in the Intensive Care Unit: A Guide to Understanding, Engaging, and Supporting at the Bedside, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94337-4"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haufe, M., Leget, C., Potma, M., and Teunissen, S. (2020). How can existential or spiritual strengths be fostered in palliative care? An interpretative synthesis of recent literature. BMJ Support. Palliat. Care.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2020-002379"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720579","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.720579","article-title":"Spontaneous Spiritual Awakenings: Phenomenology, Altered States, Individual Differences, and Well-Being","volume":"12","author":"Corneille","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048929","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1048929","article-title":"Explanation of near-death experiences: A systematic analysis of case reports and qualitative research","volume":"14","author":"Hashemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20551029221121526","DOI":"10.1177\/20551029221121526","article-title":"A qualitative meta-synthesis examining spirituality as experienced by individuals living with terminal cancer","volume":"9","author":"Hayden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Open"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/19349637.2015.1066736","article-title":"What is the \u201cRelational\u201d in Relational Spirituality? A Review of Definitions and Research Directions","volume":"18","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Spiritual. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laranjeira, C., Dixe, M.A., and Querido, A. (2023). Perceived Barriers to Providing Spiritual Care in Palliative Care among Professionals: A Portuguese Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20126121"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnmr.ijnmr_422_21","article-title":"Barriers to Providing Spiritual Care from a Nurses\u2019 Perspective: A Content Analysis Study","volume":"27","author":"Momeni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Nurs. Midwifery Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2016.0135","article-title":"A qualitative analysis of a healthcare professional\u2019s understanding and approach to management of spiritual distress in an acute care setting","volume":"19","author":"Selby","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.1901","article-title":"Addressing the religious and spiritual needs of dying patients by healthcare staff in Korea: Patient perspectives in a multi-religious Asian country","volume":"21","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultz, M., Lulav-Grinwald, D., and Bar-Sela, G. (2014). Cultural differences in spiritual care: Findings of an Israeli oncologic questionnaire examining patient interest in spiritual care. BMC Palliat. Care, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-684X-13-19"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meurs, J., Breedveld, R., Geer, J., Leget, C., Smeets, W., Koorneef, R., Vissers, K., Engels, Y., and Wichmann, A. (2023). Role-Perceptions of Dutch Spiritual Caregivers in Implementing Multidisciplinary Spiritual Care: A National Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032154"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.25259\/IJPC_227_2022","article-title":"Essential Elements of Home-based Palliative Care Model: A Rapid Review","volume":"29","author":"Kirtania","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heydari, H., Hojjat-Assari, S., Almasian, M., and Pirjani, P. (2019). Exploring Health Care Providers\u2019 Perceptions about Home-based Palliative Care in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients. BMC Palliat. Care, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-019-0452-3"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1191\/0269216302pm518oa","article-title":"The essence of spiritual care: A phenomenological enquiry","volume":"16","author":"Wright","year":"2002","journal-title":"Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"110","article-title":"Cuidados del personal de enfermer\u00eda en la dimensi\u00f3n espiritual del paciente. Revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"48","author":"Pinedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cult. Cuid. Rev. Enfermer\u00eda Humanid."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Diego-Cordero, R., L\u00f3pez-Tarrida, \u00c1.C., Linero-Narv\u00e1ez, C., and Gal\u00e1n Gonz\u00e1lez-Serna, J.M. (2023). \u201cMore Spiritual Health Professionals Provide Different Care\u201d: A Qualitative Study in the Field of Mental Health. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11030303"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holyoke, P., and Stephenson, B. (2017). Organization-level principles and practices to support spiritual care at the end of life: A qualitative study. BMC Palliat. Care, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-017-0197-9"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.018","article-title":"Development and validation of a new tool for the assessment and spiritual care of palliative care patients","volume":"47","author":"Benito","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pain Sympt. Manag."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Rumbold, B. (2002). Spirituality and Palliative Care, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.883","article-title":"An exploratory study of spiritual care at the end of life","volume":"6","author":"Daaleman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2015.01.011","article-title":"Spirituality in preregistration nurse education and practice: A review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Lewinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216317734954","article-title":"Patients\u2019 and caregivers\u2019 needs, experiences, preferences and research priorities in spiritual care: A focus group study across nine countries","volume":"32","author":"Selman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16067","article-title":"Educational interventions and strategies for spiritual care in nursing and healthcare students and staff: A scoping review","volume":"31","author":"Rykkje","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e042142","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042142","article-title":"What is spiritual care? Professional perspectives on the concept of spiritual care identified through group concept mapping","volume":"10","author":"Hvidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/1542305015572955","article-title":"Spiritual Care Training Provided to Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review","volume":"69","author":"Paal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pastor. Care Counsel."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodhead, L., Partridge, C., and Kawanami, H. (2016). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations, Routledge. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315694443"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1179\/1743291X15Y.0000000003","article-title":"Palliative care professionals\u2019 evaluations of the feasibility of a hope communication tool: A pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Olsman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Leget, C. (2017). Art of living, art of dying. Spiritual Care for a Good Death, Jessica Kingsley Publishers."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2011.588976","article-title":"An assessment of US physicians\u2019 training in religion, spirituality, and medicine","volume":"33","author":"Rasinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2019.0375","article-title":"Interprofessional spiritual care education curriculum: A milestone toward the provision of spiritual care","volume":"23","author":"Puchalski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6923","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1946","article-title":"Strengths and challenges with spiritual care: Student feedback from the EPICC Spiritual Care Self-Assessment Tool","volume":"10","author":"Cone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs. Open"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2021.0522","article-title":"Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Spirituality in Serious Illness","volume":"25","author":"Kestenbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000465","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2018-000465","article-title":"Interprofessional spiritual care in oncology: A literature review","volume":"4","author":"Puchalski","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/08854726.2021.1917168","article-title":"Implementing quality improvement efforts in spiritual care: Outcomes from the interprofessional spiritual care education curriculum","volume":"28","author":"Puchalski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Health Care Chaplain"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.17509\/ije.v10i1.8022","article-title":"Spiritual pedagogy: An analysis of the foundation of values in the perspective of best performing teachers","volume":"10","author":"Syihabuddin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978054","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.978054","article-title":"Moving toward a spiritual pedagogy in L2 education: Research, practice, and applications","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Fowler, M., John, D., and Hochheimer, J.L. (2022). Spirituality: Theory, Praxis and Pedagogy, Brill."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091211068819","article-title":"The Physician and End-of-Life Spiritual Care: The PALliatiVE Approach","volume":"39","author":"Antunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2022.102017","article-title":"Educating courageously: Transformative pedagogy infusing spirituality in K-12 education for fostering civil society and democracy","volume":"115","author":"Desai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"United Nations (2023, December 20). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available online: https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/post2015\/transformingourworld."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/14\/2\/134\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:59:05Z","timestamp":1760104745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/14\/2\/134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["bs14020134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs14020134","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]}}}