{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:23:20Z","timestamp":1777389800561,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Research Board","award":["JPND-WG-2022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPND-WG-2022-1"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration North West Coast (ARC NWC)","award":["JPND-WG-2022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPND-WG-2022-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In dementia care, access to effective psychosocial interventions is often addressed by evidence-based guidelines for care providers. However, it is unclear if current guidelines consider personal characteristics that may impact intervention effectiveness. This study investigates if, and within what framing, dementia care guidelines in Europe address what is effective and for whom. A review of 47 guidelines from 12 European countries was conducted. Content analysis focused on (i) if guidelines recommended specific psychosocial interventions, and how guidelines referred to (ii) social health, (iii) the intersection of social positioning, and (iv) inequities in care or outcomes. Thirty-five guidelines (74%) recommended specific psychosocial interventions. Around half referenced aspects of social health and of intersectionality. Thirteen guidelines (28%) referenced inequities. Social health was not explicitly recognised as a mechanism of psychosocial interventions. Only age and comorbidity were consistently considered to impact interventions\u2019 effectiveness. Inequities were acknowledged to arise from within-country regional variations and individual economic status, but were not linked to (intersectional) individual societal positions such as sex and\/or gender, sexuality, and\/or religion. The results between European countries were heterogeneous. Current guidelines offer little insight into what works for whom. Policymakers and guideline developers should work with researchers, generating and translating evidence into policy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15040457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T05:43:33Z","timestamp":1743572613000},"page":"457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effective for Whom? A Review of Psychological and Social Intervention Recommendations in European Dementia Care Guidelines Through the Lenses of Social Health and Intersectionality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7916-3299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Neal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam UMC, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2626-2557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara Laureen","family":"Bartels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Mental Health and Neurosciences Research Institute, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0455-0144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saloua","family":"Berdai Chaouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society and Ageing Research Lab, Department of Adult Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Thais","family":"Caprioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Applied Research Collaboration North West Coast, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9860-9062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelina","family":"Comas-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3889-2839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabih","family":"Chattat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Europe, L-1736 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4812-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rose-Marie","family":"Dr\u00f6es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1081HJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4969-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Faulkner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK"},{"name":"Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L34 1PJ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0074-5841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone Anna","family":"Felding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 58453 Witten, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health, University of Witten\/Herdecke, 58448 Witten, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3639-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Franco-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Provincial de Zamora, Salamanca University, 49071 Zamora, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0746-0566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarissa","family":"Giebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Applied Research Collaboration North West Coast, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1419-1306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Gon\u00e7alves-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center, Associated Laboratory REAL (LA-REAL), 1150-190 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2647-8295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira","family":"Hesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2375-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iva","family":"Holmerova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Expertise in Longevity and Long-Term Care, Charles University, 18200 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8196-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei Qi","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4406-8157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Mena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research & High-Profile Area of Health Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Misonow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research & High-Profile Area of Health Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Anahit","family":"Mkrtchyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 58453 Witten, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4405-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4531-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Roes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 58453 Witten, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health, University of Witten\/Herdecke, 58448 Witten, Germany"}]},{"given":"Isabeau","family":"van Rompuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Mental Health and Neurosciences Research Institute, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8985-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Rymaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 51-377 Wroclaw, 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