{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:36:46Z","timestamp":1772584606887,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/01662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/01662"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>University students are at increased risk of developing burnout and psychological distress from high academic workloads and performance expectations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between psychological and lifestyle variables and academic burnout, as well as to identify burnout risk profiles in psychology students. This study used a cross-sectional design and included 274 Portuguese psychology students, the majority being undergraduates (72.6%). Participants were assessed on psychological well-being, psychological distress, difficulties in emotional regulation, type of diet, physical activity, sleep quality, and burnout. The results showed that psychological distress, difficulties in emotional regulation, and sleep quality were positively associated with burnout, while psychological well-being was negatively associated. Using machine learning algorithms, two distinct profiles were found: \u201cBurnout Risk\u201d and \u201cNo Risk\u201d. A total of 62 participants were identified as belonging to the burnout risk profile, showing higher levels of distress, emotional regulation difficulties, poor psychological well-being and sleep quality, pro-inflammatory diet, and less physical activity. The accuracy of the three machine learning models\u2014Random Forest, XGBoost, and Support Vector Machine\u2014was 95.06%, 93.82%, and 97.53%, respectively. These results suggest the importance of health promotion within university settings, together with mental health strategies focused on adaptive psychological functioning, to prevent the risk of burnout.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15040505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T12:05:56Z","timestamp":1744200356000},"page":"505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Burnout Risk Profiles in Psychology Students: An Exploratory Study with Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7987-2562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Gra\u00e7a","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Research Centre (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4805-6797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martim","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Research Centre (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4725-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Research Centre\/LASI, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5609-1346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Research Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Odete","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Research Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Dalila","family":"Dur\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Research Centre\/LASI, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52923-6","article-title":"Burnout increased among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Abraham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-020-09867-8","article-title":"Stress and burnout among graduate students: Moderation by sleep duration and quality","volume":"28","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3487","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.5180.3487","article-title":"Burnout, daytime sleepiness and sleep quality among technical-level Nursing students","volume":"29","author":"Amaral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n5p231","article-title":"The relationship between sleep quality and social intimacy, and academic burn-out in students of medical sciences","volume":"8","author":"Arbabisarjou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Journal of Health Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000056","article-title":"Job demands\u2013resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward","volume":"22","author":"Bakker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Health Psychology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.12707\/RIV18001","article-title":"Adaptation and validation of the psychological general well-being index: Confirmatory factor analysis of the short version","volume":"4","author":"Barroso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista de Enfermagem Refer\u00eancia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.03.016","article-title":"The association of dietary inflammatory potential with depression and mental well-being among U.S. adults","volume":"99","author":"Bergmans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19160","DOI":"10.34117\/bjdv5n10-148","article-title":"Lifestyle influences burnout indexes in teachers","volume":"5","author":"Bicalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Development"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"193","article-title":"Pittsburgh sleep quality index","volume":"28","author":"Buysee","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Campani\u00e7o, H. 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