{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:52:49Z","timestamp":1761864769066,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Psychology Research Centre\u2014CIPsi\/UM","award":["UIDB\/01662\/2020","UIDB\/04872\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/01662\/2020","UIDB\/04872\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Centre for Human Development","award":["UIDB\/01662\/2020","UIDB\/04872\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/01662\/2020","UIDB\/04872\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of leaders on organizational success has been widely documented, and consequently, the leadership training industry has expanded over the past decades. However, this investment has not consistently translated into better leaders. Leadership intervention programs have received notable criticism, including (a) lacking individualization (\u2018one size fits all\u2019 approach), (b) an emphasis on pre-defined skills, and (c) insufficient consideration of context, disregarding other members\u2019 and organizations\u2019 characteristics. This paper introduces and discusses Pro\u25cfLeader, an intervention program based on the Leadership Efficacy Model (LEM), which aims to promote leadership through a comprehensive approach to training. In essence, LEM proposes that leadership efficacy increases if leaders are congruent in how they intend to exert leadership (conceptual cycle of leadership) and how they indeed implement the leadership (practical cycle of leadership), considering also the leadership behaviors they display when exerting influence (leadership styles), as well as their own, team members\u2019, and contextual characteristics (antecedent factors). The Pro\u25cfLeader intervention program is structured according to the LEM and trains participants across these three components: leadership cycles, styles, and antecedent factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15050601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:28:11Z","timestamp":1746174491000},"page":"601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Developing Leadership: The Integrative Approach of Pro\u25cfLeader Intervention Program"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6390-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Rui","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9881-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Human Development, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"Leadership development in UK companies at the beginning of the twenty-first century: Lessons for the NHS?","volume":"15","author":"Lawlor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Management in Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-022-05116-y","article-title":"A Framework for leader, spiritual, and moral development","volume":"184","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Day, D. 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