{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T06:45:24Z","timestamp":1770965124076,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/01662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/01662"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/05380\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05380\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/01662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/01662"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/05380\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05380\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to a higher risk of criminal behaviour, while positive childhood experiences (PCEs) may offer a protective effect by mitigating the negative impact of ACEs. Both ACEs and PCEs play a significant role in shaping emotional regulation. However, research on the influence of PCEs within incarcerated populations remains limited. This study aimed to examine the associations between ACEs, PCEs, and emotional regulation difficulties in a prison sample, and to explore whether PCEs moderate the relationship between ACEs and emotional regulation difficulties in adulthood. The analysis considered both the overall emotional regulation difficulties score and its specific dimensions\u2014strategies, non-acceptance, impulse, goals, awareness, and clarity. The study included 283 men, with a mean age of 40.03 (SD = 11.64), ranging from 19 to 84 years, who were incarcerated in seven prisons in northern Portugal. Data were collected using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale, the Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale, and the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale\u2014Short Form. The results revealed statistically significant positive correlations between ACEs and overall emotional regulation difficulties, as well as with nearly all subscales (strategies, impulse, goals, awareness, and clarity). Conversely, PCEs were significantly negatively correlated with overall emotional regulation difficulties and most subscales (impulse, goals, awareness, and clarity). However, PCEs did not moderate the relationship between ACEs and emotional regulation difficulties. These findings may be influenced by the characteristics of the sample, highlighting the need for further research\u2014preferably longitudinal studies\u2014to better assess the potential moderating role of PCEs. Such research could enhance the effectiveness of prevention and intervention strategies for incarcerated populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15060828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T03:37:07Z","timestamp":1750131427000},"page":"828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences and Emotional Regulation Difficulties in a Sample of Incarcerated Men"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Maia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Research Center (CIPSI), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1177\/00111287231172716","article-title":"Benevolent and adverse childhood experiences and attachment in adulthood: A comparative study between sex offenders and the general population","volume":"71","author":"Almeida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crime & Delinquency"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1177\/00111287221143931","article-title":"Brief measure of affective lability among portuguese community and justice samples: Psychometrics and measurement invariance","volume":"70","author":"Almeida","year":"2023a","journal-title":"Crime & Delinquency"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105969","article-title":"The role of positive childhood experiences in the link between childhood maltreatment and affective lability in a sample of incarcerated men and women","volume":"135","author":"Almeida","year":"2023b","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105179","article-title":"Positive childhood experiences and adverse experiences: Psychometric properties of the benevolent childhood experiences scale (BCEs) among the Portuguese population","volume":"120","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-81232013000300016","article-title":"Hist\u00f3ria de adversidade, sa\u00fade e psicopatologia em reclusos: Compara\u00e7\u00e3o entre homens e mulheres","volume":"18","author":"Alves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia & Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-005-0624-4","article-title":"The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. 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