{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T18:45:22Z","timestamp":1771785922937,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Psychology Research Centre","award":["PSI\/01662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI\/01662"]}]},{"name":"Psychology Research Centre","award":["UIDB\/01662\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/01662\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["PSI\/01662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI\/01662"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/01662\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/01662\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychopathy in women remains understudied, particularly regarding the role of early relational experiences such as attachment. This systematic review aims to synthesize the current evidence on the association between attachment-related factors and psychopathic traits in women. A structured search following PRISMA guidelines across multidisciplinary databases (Scopus-Elsevier\u00ae, ESBCO\u00ae, Pubmed\u00ae, Sage Publishing\u00ae, B-On, and Web of Science-Core Collection\u00ae) yielded 147 articles, of which eight met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies met three to four out of the five methodological quality criteria. Findings indicate that insecure attachment styles are differentially associated with psychopathy. Avoidant attachment is positively linked to callous-unemotional traits, whereas the role of anxious attachment appears more heterogeneous. Some studies associate it with higher levels of affective traits and secondary psychopathy, while others identify it as a negative predictor of callous-unemotional features in women. Avoidant attachment was also negatively correlated with empathy and positively related to maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, particularly among women with secondary psychopathic traits. Negative maternal parenting was associated with elevated psychopathic traits, whereas positive parental involvement acted as a protective factor. Additional predictors included early maladaptive schemas and childhood risk factors such as parental criminality and poor supervision. These findings highlight the relevance of early intervention and attachment-informed approaches in forensic risk assessment, trauma-informed care, and prevention programs targeting women with psychopathic traits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15091293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T17:08:17Z","timestamp":1758560897000},"page":"1293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring Attachment-Related Factors and Psychopathic Traits: A Systematic Review Focused on Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-4115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Leonor","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Beatriz","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5978-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Abrunhosa","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0387-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Caridade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ainsworth, M. 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