{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:02:08Z","timestamp":1760238128963,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,19]],"date-time":"2020-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Portuguese forests have changed in recent years. These changes were mainly boosted by the wildfires that affected a significant percentage of the softwood area. Eucalyptus is actually the dominant wood species in Portuguese forests. This is not a native hardwood, but is being planted mainly for pulp and paper production, and its availability and mechanical performance have made it very present in timber construction in the last 50 years. Within the discussion to substitute imported raw materials, mainly from softwoods, with local hardwoods for the production of engineered wood products, the study of the ability to glue eucalyptus has become a necessity. This paper presents experimental works aimed to assess the ability to glue eucalyptus elements for the production of glued laminated timber (GLT) and cross-laminated timber (CLT). Since this wood species has been known for being difficult to dry, a preliminary study on the dimensional stability under moisture content variation was performed. Then, shear strength tests were made in accordance with ASTM D143. The objective was to correlate those results with the tests performed in the following research step. In this further stage, shear strength tests of the bond line were performed following EN 14080 and EN 16351. The results obtained in all the experiments show that eucalyptus has the potential to be glued and therefore the production of GLT and\/or CLT using this local undervalued wood species is potentially of high industrial interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings10070133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T06:08:17Z","timestamp":1595225297000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ability to Glue Portuguese Eucalyptus Elements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6256-8588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiuba","family":"Suleimana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rural Engineering, University of L\u00fario, Unango-Niassa 1115-04, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3557-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline S.","family":"Sena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3976-0360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge M.","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9677-3627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aires","family":"Cam\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTAC, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crespo, J., Majano-Majano, A., Lara-Bocanegra, A.J., and Guaita, M. (2020). Mechanical properties of small clear specimens of eucalyptus globulus labill. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13040906"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.09.107","article-title":"The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction","volume":"68","author":"Ramage","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.08.002","article-title":"Automated re-prefabrication system for buildings using robotics","volume":"83","author":"Kasperzyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Auto Constr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.110","article-title":"Acoustic of lightweight timber buildings: A review","volume":"80","author":"Caniato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Aicher, S., Christian, Z., and Dill-Langer, G. (2014, January 10\u201314). Hardwood glulams-emerging timber products of superior mechanical properties. Proceedings of the World Conference on Timber Engineering, Quebec City, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.068","article-title":"Flexural and shear behaviour of layered sandwich beams","volume":"173","author":"Ferdous","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"ICNF (2013). IFN6\u2013Areas Land Use and Forest Species in Mainland Portugal in 1995, 2005 and 2010 (in Portuguese), I. d. C. d. N. e. d. Florestas."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Franke, S., and Marto, J. (2014, January 10\u201314). Investigation of Eucalyptus globulus wood for the use as an engineered material. Proceedings of the World Conference on Timber Engineering WCTE 2014), Quebec City, QC Canada."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Touza V\u00e1squez, M.C., and Saavedra, F.P. (2002). An Industrial Proposal for Drying Timber of Eucalyptus White (Eucalyptus Globulus) from Galicia (in Spanish), CIS-Madera."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Alvite, J.D.B., Touza V\u00e1squez, M.C., and Infante, F.S. (2002). White Eucalyptus Species Manual (in Spanish), Ourense, Fundaci\u00f3n para o Fomento da Calidade Industrial e Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico de Galicia."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1163\/016942409X12508517390914","article-title":"and Richter, K. Hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR) and novolak-based HMR (n-HMR) primers to enhance bond durability of Eucalyptus globulus glulams","volume":"23","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Santos, J.A., Duarte, M.C., Santos, J.M., and Pestana, L. (2011, January 7\u20139). Bem utilizar madeiras portuguesas na constru\u00e7\u00e3o\/constru\u00e7\u00e3o. Proceedings of the CIMAD 11\u20131\u00b0 Congresso Ibero-Latino Americano da Madeira na Constru\u00e7\u00e3o, Coimbra, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Martins, M. (2015). Eucalyptus Globulus Characterization for Structural Applications (in Portuguese). [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Coimbra]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"LNEC (1997). M\u2013Common Eucalyptus (in Portuguese), LNEC."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Martins, C., Dias, A.M.P.G., and Cruz, H. (2019, January 15\u201317). Blue gum: Assessment of its potential for load bearing structures. Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific Conference on Hardwood Processing (ISCHP 2019), Delft, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"EN 1912:2012 (2012). Structural Timber. Strength Classes. Assignment of Visual Grades and Species, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.01.061","article-title":"New advancements, challenges and opportunities of multi-storey modular buildings\u2014A state-of-the-art review","volume":"183","author":"Ferdous","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(1973). Determina\u00e7\u00e3o da Retra\u00e7\u00e3o, LNEC."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"EN 14080:2013 (2013). Timber Structures-Glued Laminated Timber and Glued Solid Timber-Requirements, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"EN 16351:2015 (2015). Timber Structures-Cross Laminated Timber\u2013Requirements, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"ASTM D143:2009 (2009). Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"ISO 3130 (1975). Wood-Determination of Moisture Content for Physical and Mechanical Tests, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"EN 384:2016 (2016). Structural Timber\u2014Determination of Characteristic Values of Mechanical Properties and Density, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"EN 13183-1:2002 (2002). Moisture Content of a Piece of Sawn Timber\u2014Part 1: Determination by Oven Dry Method, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"ISO 13061-13:2016 (2016). Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood\u2014Test Methods for Small Clear Wood Specimens\u2014Part 13: Determination of Radial and Tangential Shrinkage, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.037","article-title":"Dimensional variation of three softwood due to hygroscopic behavior","volume":"59","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"EN 338:2016 (2016). Structural Timber\u2013Strength Classes, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.027","article-title":"Effects of surface treatment and adhesives on bond performance and mechanical properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) made from small diameter Eucalyptus timber","volume":"161","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/10\/7\/133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:49:50Z","timestamp":1760176190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/10\/7\/133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,19]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings10070133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings10070133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-5309"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,19]]}}}