{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T14:00:27Z","timestamp":1776866427637,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The work presents the results of an experimental campaign carried out on concrete elements in order to investigate the potential of using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to estimate the compressive strength based on relevant parameters, such as the water\u2013cement ratio, aggregate\u2013cement ratio, age of testing, and percentage cement\/metakaolin ratios (5% and 10%). We prepared 162 cylindrical concrete specimens with dimensions of 10 cm in diameter and 20 cm in height and 27 prismatic specimens with cross sections measuring 25 and 50 cm in length, with 9 different concrete mixture proportions. A longitudinal transducer with a frequency of 54 kHz was used to measure the ultrasonic velocities. An ANN model was developed, different ANN configurations were tested and compared to identify the best ANN model. Using this model, it was possible to assess the contribution of each input variable to the compressive strength of the tested concretes. The results indicate an excellent performance of the ANN model developed to predict compressive strength from the input parameters studied, with an average error less than 5%. Together, the water\u2013cement ratio and the percentage of metakaolin were shown to be the most influential factors for the compressive strength value predicted by the developed ANN model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11020044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T12:20:26Z","timestamp":1611750026000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Use of Nondestructive Testing of Ultrasound and Artificial Neural Networks to Estimate Compressive Strength of Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fernando A. N.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Pernambuco, Recife PE 50050-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1026-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. P. Q.","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LFC, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rosely S.","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Pernambuco, Recife PE 50050-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4530-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio C.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LFC, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana S.","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LFC, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio G. B.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.118","article-title":"Mechanical performance of high strength concrete made from high volume of Metakaolin and hybrid fibers","volume":"140","author":"Eisa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s40069-013-0045-0","article-title":"Effect of metakaolin content on the properties of high strength concrete","volume":"7","author":"Dinakar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Concr. Struct. 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