{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T09:13:44Z","timestamp":1774430024502,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aims to study the influence of using construction and demolition waste in the replacement of coarse and fine aggregate to produce recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). A moderate compressive strength concrete made with usual fine and coarse aggregate was used as a benchmark material. Compressive and split tensile tests were performed using 120 cylindrical concrete specimens with 150 mm diameter and 300 mm length. Four-point flexural tests in reinforced beams made with conventional concrete and RAC were performed. The results obtained showed that the use of recycled fine aggregates, in both percentages of substitution investigated\u201450% and 100%\u2014did not generate any deleterious influence on the values of compressive strength and split tensile strength of the RACs produced. Tin fact, the mechanical strengths of RACs produced with recycled fine aggregate were equal or higher than those from the reference concrete. The same behavior was not observed, however, when the recycled coarse aggregate was used. For this case, decreases in concrete mechanical strengths were observed, especially in compressive strength, with values around 35% lower when compared to the reference concrete. Tensile mechanical tests results confirmed the excellent behavior of all RACs made with replacement of usual fine aggregates by recycled. Bending tests performed in reinforced RAC beams had as objective to evaluate the deformation profile of the beams. The obtained results showed that RAC beams with full replacement of usual fine aggregate by the recycled aggregates have presented little changes in the global behavior, an aspect that encourages its use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11030081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T21:16:53Z","timestamp":1614287813000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Preliminary Analysis of the Use of Construction Waste to Replace Conventional Aggregates in Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fernando A. N.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50050-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1026-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. P. Q.","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4530-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio C.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6328-4504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio G. B.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB 58429-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Castorina S.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017275","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002142","article-title":"Mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete, effect of recycled aggregate properties and content","volume":"30","author":"Ozbakkaloglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civil Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.029","article-title":"A critical review and assessment for usage of recycled aggregate as sustainable construction material","volume":"131","author":"Kisku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torgal, F.P., and Jalali, S. (2011). Construction and Demolition (C&D) Wastes. Eco-Efficient Construction and Building Materials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-892-8_4"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Eurostat, Environment and Energy (2021, February 25). Generation and Treatment of Waste. Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafez, H., Kurda, R., Al-Hadad, B., Mustafa, R., and Ali, B. (2020). A Critical Review on the Influence of Fine Recycled Aggregates on Technical Performance, Environmental Impact and Cost of Concrete. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10031018"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"7","article-title":"Value Added Sustainable Use of Recycled and Secondary Aggregates in Concrete","volume":"84","author":"Dhir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Conc. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1139\/l04-088","article-title":"Application of recycled waste aggregate to lean concrete subbase in highway pavement","volume":"31","author":"Cho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.03.012","article-title":"Mechanical performance of concrete made with aggregates from construction and demolition waste recycling plants","volume":"99","author":"Bravo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1139\/L11-005","article-title":"Lean construction implementation and its implication on sustainability, A contractor\u2019s case study","volume":"38","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Civil Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04135","article-title":"Cost-benefit analysis of the production of ready-mixed high-performance concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate, A case study in Thailand","volume":"6","author":"Makul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"New views on effect of recycled aggregates on concrete compressive strength","volume":"110","author":"Ulloa","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"01017","article-title":"The effect of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) with surface treatment on concrete mechanical properties","volume":"Volume 195","author":"Atmajayanti","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conferences, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering, Solo Baru, Indonesia, 11\u201312 July 2018"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.06.017","article-title":"Properties of concrete incorporating fine recycled aggregate","volume":"35","author":"Khatib","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s40999-016-0077-3","article-title":"Recycled aggregate concretes (RACs) for structural use, An evaluation on elasticity modulus and energy capacities","volume":"15","author":"Dilbas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.09.036","article-title":"Evaluation of the fatigue behavior of recycled aggregate concrete","volume":"65","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-006-9192-y","article-title":"Influence of recycled aggregate on slump and bleeding of fresh concrete","volume":"40","author":"Poon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.063","article-title":"Prediction of compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete using artificial neural networks","volume":"40","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2019). NBR 7211 Aggregates for Concrete-Specification, ABNT. Brazilian Association of Technical Standards."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1680\/macr.2011.63.8.617","article-title":"Influence of the pre-saturation of recycled coarse concrete aggregates on concrete properties","volume":"63","author":"Brito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mag. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2018). NBR 5738 Concrete-Procedure for Molding and Curing Concrete Test Specimens, ABNT. Brazilian Association of Technical Standards."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2018). NBR 5739 Concrete-Compression Test of Cylindrical Specimens, ABNT. Brazilian Association of Technical Standards."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2011). NBR 7222 Concrete and Mortar-Determination of the Tension Strength by Diametrical Compression of Cylindrical Test Specimens, ABNT. Brazilian Association of Technical Standards."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2019). NBR 8802 Hardened Concrete-Determination of Ultrasonic Wave Transmission Velocity, ABNT. Brazilian Association of Technical Standards."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2012). NBR 7584 Hardened Concrete\u2014Evaluation of Surface Hardness by Reflecting Esclerometer-Test Method, ABNT. Brazilian Association of Technical Standards."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2010). NBR 12142 Concrete-Determination of Tension Strength in Flexure of Prismatic Specimens, ABNT. Brazilian Association of Technical Standards."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122913","article-title":"Mechanical behaviour of structural concrete with ground recycled concrete cement and mixed recycled aggregate","volume":"275","author":"Cantero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101614","article-title":"Non-destructive prediction of strength of concrete made by lightweight recycled aggregates and nickel slag","volume":"33","author":"Saha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.039","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of self-compacting concretes made with recycled coarse and fine aggregates using non-destructive testing techniques","volume":"181","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.022","article-title":"Interfacial transition zones in recycled aggregate concrete with different mixing approaches","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04018211","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002304","article-title":"Toward the development of sustainable concretes with recycled concrete aggregates, comprehensive review of studies on mechanical properties","volume":"30","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3846\/13923730.2013.802727","article-title":"Influence of interfacial transition zone on engineering properties of the concrete manufactured with recycled ceramic aggregate","volume":"21","author":"Medina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.003","article-title":"Recycled aggregate from C&D waste & its use in concrete\u2013A breakthrough towards sustainability in construction sector: A review","volume":"68","author":"Behera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3846\/13923730.2013.799093","article-title":"Use of recycled concrete aggregate in concrete, a review","volume":"19","author":"Safiuddin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Managm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-006-9093-0","article-title":"On relationships between the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete, an overview","volume":"39","author":"Xiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.05.009","article-title":"Influence of moisture conditioning of recycled aggregates on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete","volume":"54","author":"Mefteh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.106","article-title":"Durability of recycled concrete aggregate","volume":"40","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(01)00588-9","article-title":"Effect of coarse aggregate type on mechanical properties of high-performance concrete","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.111860","article-title":"Short-term flexural performance of seawater-mixed recycled-aggregate GFRP-reinforced concrete beams","volume":"236","author":"Younis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.109525","article-title":"Flexural behavior of large-scale semi-precast reinforced concrete T-beams made of natural and recycled aggregate concrete","volume":"198","author":"Fahmy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/11\/3\/81\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:28:49Z","timestamp":1760160529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/11\/3\/81"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings11030081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings11030081","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]}}}