{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:47:58Z","timestamp":1777103278574,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000240","name":"New Brunswick Innovation Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP2021-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP2021-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["38944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["38944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-04126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-04126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the pillars of Industry 4.0 to attain a circular economy. The process involves a layer-by-layer deposition of material from a computer-aided-design (CAD) model to form complex shapes. Fast prototyping and waste minimization are the main benefits of employing such a technique. AM technology is presently revolutionizing various industries such as electronics, biomedical, defense, and aerospace. Such technology can be complemented with standardized frameworks to attract industrial acceptance, such as in the construction industry. Off-site construction has the potential to improve construction efficiency by adopting AM. In this paper, the types of additive manufacturing processes were reviewed, with emphasis on applications in off-site construction. This information was complemented with a discussion on the types and mechanical properties of materials that can be produced using AM techniques, particularly metallic components. Strategies to assess cost and material considerations such as Production line Breakdown Structure (PBS) and Value Stream Mapping are highlighted. In addition, a comprehensive approach that evaluates the entire life cycle of the component was suggested when comparing AM techniques and conventional manufacturing options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12010053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T01:15:26Z","timestamp":1641518126000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Additive Manufacturing in Off-Site Construction: Review and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jubert","family":"Pasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0826-9763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Off-Site Construction Research Centre (OCRC), Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Clodualdo","family":"Aranas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.140","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing of Cementitious Composites: Materials, Methods, Potentials, and Challenges","volume":"218","author":"Hamidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. 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