{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T18:51:37Z","timestamp":1772563897523,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modular construction allows for a faster, safer, better controlled, and more productive construction process, yielding quality results with low risk and controlled costs. However, despite the potential advantages of this methodology, its adoption has remained slow due to the reasonably high degree of standardisation and repetition that projects require, inexorably clashing with the unique building designs created to meet the clients\u2019 needs. The present article proposes performing a modularisation process after the building design is complete, reaping most benefits of modular construction while preserving the unique vision and design of the building. This objective is achieved by implementing a semi-supervised methodology reliant on the clustering of individual rooms and subsequent user validation of the obtained clusters to identify base modules representative of each cluster. The proposed methodology is applied in a case study of an existing apartment complex, in which the modularisation process was previously performed manually\u2014thus serving as a baseline. The acquired results display a 99.6% reduction in the modularisation process\u2019 duration, while maintaining a 96.4% Normalised Mutual Information Score and a 93.3% Adjusted Mutual Information Score, justifying the continuous development and assessment of the methodology in future works.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12030303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:35:50Z","timestamp":1646598950000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Semi-Supervised Clustering for Architectural Modularisation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2525-2899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Feist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BUILT CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory for the Future Built Environment, Rua de Campo Alegre, 760, 4150-003 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-6981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Sanhudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BUILT CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory for the Future Built Environment, Rua de Campo Alegre, 760, 4150-003 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2324-5719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BUILT CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory for the Future Built Environment, Rua de Campo Alegre, 760, 4150-003 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CASAIS\u2014Engenharia e Constru\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua do Anjo, 27, Mire de Tib\u00e3es, 4700-565 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5123-4451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Aguiar","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BUILT CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory for the Future Built Environment, Rua de Campo Alegre, 760, 4150-003 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Barbosa, F., Woetzel, J., and Mischke, J. (2017). Reinventing Construction: A Route of Higher Productivity, McKinsey Global Institute."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2020.09.070","article-title":"A review on modular construction for high-rise buildings","volume":"28","author":"Thai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Smith, R.E. (2010). Prefab Architecture: A Guide to Modular Design and Construction, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bertram, N., Fuchs, S., Mischke, J., Palter, R., Strube, G., and Woetzel, J. (2019). Modular Construction: From Projects to Products, McKinsey & Company; Capital Projects & Infrastructure."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Modular Building Institute (2011). 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