{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T15:43:32Z","timestamp":1778168612092,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper dives into the current state of 3D printing in the concrete industry. Currently, there are a number of companies that specialize in the construction of buildings using 3D-printed concrete. This paper looks at each of these companies and the processes they use to accomplish the creation of their concrete walls using 3D-printing technology. The literature review portion of the paper looks at several companies currently in the field and describes their methods based on several distinguishing factors such as printer type, print speed, wall design, reinforcement used, insulation used, wall dimensions, nozzle shape, and several other distinguishing factors. These factors allow for similarities and differences to be drawn between companies. The reader is able to see each company\u2019s approach to the printing of walls. Additionally, this paper estimates and analyzes the structural and thermal performance of drawings mimicking each company\u2019s wall design based on section configuration. This estimation allows the reader to see which wall design they can expect to perform the best in terms of stress generation and thermal bridging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13010106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:12:48Z","timestamp":1672625568000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Comparative Review of the Technology and Case Studies of 3D Concrete Printing of Buildings by Several Companies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Bello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Master of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}]},{"given":"Ali M.","family":"Memari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Architectural Engineering and Civil and Environmental Engineering Departments, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rogers, J. (2022, December 02). Construction Needs 650k New Workers to Meet Housing Demand. GlobeSt. Available online: https:\/\/www.globest.com\/2022\/03\/02\/construction-needs-650k-new-workers-to-meet-housing-demand\/?slreturn=20220228214502."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.21608\/erj.2019.139808","article-title":"3D Printing in Architecture, Engineering and Construction","volume":"162","author":"Elfatah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ICON (2022, March 28). Projects. ICON. Available online: https:\/\/www.iconbuild.com\/projects."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Black Buffalo 3D (2022). Products & Services, Black Buffalo 3D. Available online: https:\/\/bb3d.io\/products-services\/#specs."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Zainab, O. (2020). Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing for Building Houses in Nigeria and Brief Numerical Analysis of Lintels in 3D Printed Houses. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Ritsumeikan University]."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Pimpley, P. (2019). Success Factors for 3D Printing Technology Adoption in Construction. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Maryland]."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"SQ4D (2022, April 12). Frequently Asked Questions: Sq4d Inc. SQ4D. Available online: https:\/\/www.sq4d.com\/faqs\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"SQ4D (2022, April 12). 3D Printed Houses by SQ4D. Available online: https:\/\/www.sq4d.com\/."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"COBOD (2022, March 30). Contact US\u2014for More Information about Modular Construction Printers. COBOD. Available online: https:\/\/cobod.com\/contact\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"WASP (2022, April 12). The First 3D Printed House with Earth: Gaia. 3D Printers WASP, WASP. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dwasp.com\/en\/3d-printed-house-gaia\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.07.357","article-title":"3D printing of buildings and building components as the future of sustainable construction?","volume":"151","author":"Hager","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanjayan, J.G., and Nematollahi, B. (2019). 3D concrete printing for construction applications. 3D Concrete Printing Technology, Butterworth-Heinemann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815481-6.00001-4"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baghalzadeh Shishehgarkhaneh, M., Keivani, A., Moehler, R.C., Jelodari, N., and Roshdi Laleh, S. (2022). Internet of things (IOT), building information modeling (BIM), and digital twin (DT) in construction industry: A review, Bibliometric, and network analysis. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12101503"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2017.1326724","article-title":"3D printing trends in building and Construction Industry: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Tay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.006","article-title":"3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for Research","volume":"112","author":"Buswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valente, M., Sibai, A., and Sambucci, M. (2019). Extrusion-based additive manufacturing of concrete products: Revolutionizing and remodeling the construction industry. J. Compos. Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs3030088"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freire, T., Brun, F., Mateus, A., and Gaspar, F. (2020). 3D printing technology in the construction industry. Sustainability and Automation in Smart Constructions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35533-3_19"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"ICON (2022, March 30). Vulcan. Available online: https:\/\/www.iconbuild.com\/vulcan."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"ICON (2022, March 30). Home. Available online: https:\/\/www.iconbuild.com\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Risinger, M. (2022, March 30). Is This the Future of Construction? 3D Concrete Printed Homes. YouTube. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_MsOXrprYXs."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Sertoglu, K., Hanaphy, P., and Everett, H. (2022, March 30). Icon To Build Largest Ever Neighborhood of 3D Printed Homes in Austin. 3D Printing Industry. Available online: https:\/\/3dprintingindustry.com\/news\/icon-to-build-largest-ever-neighborhood-of-3d-printed-homes-in-austin-198432\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"ICON (2022, March 30). New Story and Icon Unveil the First Permitted 3D-Printed Home. Available online: https:\/\/www.iconbuild.com\/updates\/new-story-and-icon-unveil-the-first-permitted-3d-printed-home."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"COBOD (2022, March 30). Bod2\u2014Modular 3D Construction Printer Available Now. Available online: https:\/\/cobod.com\/bod2\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"COBOD (2022, March 30). BOD2. Available online: https:\/\/cobod.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/BOD2-Specifications-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Gross, J. (2022, March 30). The Most Innovative 3D Printed House in the...-Youtube. YouTube. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qWBA-6NgIJg."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"PERI (2022, March 30). Printed Buildings: 360 Degree Tours. 3D, PERI. Available online: https:\/\/www.peri3dconstruction.com\/360-tours."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gross, J. (2022, March 30). 5 Apartment Units 3D Printed On Site, World First! | Exclusive Early Interior Tour. YouTube. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Zisu_vIJ5Uw."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Gross, J. (2022, March 30). Secrets of 3D Printed Concrete Exposed | Bold Black Buffalo 3D Shares All-Youtube.com. YouTube. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R7lAnIWy5lg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt, C., Edwards, L., Keyte, L., Moghaddam, F., and Townsend, B. (2019). Construction 3D printing. 3D Concrete Printing Technology, Butterworth-Heinemann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815481-6.00017-8"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Massie, C. (2022, April 12). China\u2019s Winsun Unveils Two New 3D Printed Buildings. Architect. Available online: https:\/\/www.architectmagazine.com\/technology\/chinas-winsun-unveils-two-new-3d-printed-buildings_o."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"WinSun (2022, September 21). 3D Printing Architecture Profile. Product Center-Yingchuang Building Technique Shanghai co.ltd. (Winsun). Available online: http:\/\/www.winsun3d.com\/En\/Product\/pro_inner\/id\/1."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"WASP (2022, April 12). Features. 3D Printers WASP. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dwasp.com\/en\/3d-printer-house-crane-wasp\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122463","article-title":"Environmental assessment of large-scale 3D printing in construction: A comparative study between COB and concrete","volume":"270","author":"Alhumayani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"SQ4D (2022, April 12). Recent Projects. Available online: https:\/\/www.sq4d.com\/projects\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Gross, J. (2022, October 24). SQ4D First MLS Sale 3D Printed House Finally under Construction in Long Island, NY. YouTube. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wj6qzfif6Gw&t=86s."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"SQ4D (2022, April 12). Changing the Speed of Building. Available online: https:\/\/www.sq4d.com\/speed\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Essop, A. (2022, April 12). SQ4D 3d Prints 1900 sq ft Home in 48 Hours. 3D Printing Industry. Available online: https:\/\/3dprintingindustry.com\/news\/sq4d-3d-prints-1900-sq-ft-home-in-48-hours-167141\/."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"New China TV (2022, April 14). World\u2019s First 3D-Printed House That Can Withstand 8.0-Magnitude Quake. YouTube. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OloOc21_u80."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.03.011","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing as an enabling technology for Digital Construction: A perspective on construction 4.0","volume":"103","author":"Craveiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Gross, J. (2022, October 24). I Visited the Worlds Biggest 3D Printed Building!!!\u201d YouTube. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ydlpQqwiy-M&t=332s."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Apis Cor (2022, March 30). Knowledge Hub. Available online: https:\/\/www.apis-cor.com\/knowledge-base."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Richard, N. (2022, March 30). Choosing Insulation for Masonry Cavity Walls. Building Enclosure RSS, Building Enclosure. Available online: https:\/\/www.buildingenclosureonline.com\/articles\/87471-choosing-insulation-for-masonry-cavity-walls."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Apis Cor (2022, March 30). 3D Houses. Available online: https:\/\/www.apis-cor.com\/showroom."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110794","article-title":"3D printing in the construction industry\u2014A systematic review of the thermal performance in buildings","volume":"141","author":"Pessoa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"CyBe (2022, March 30). Our Story. CyBe Construction. Available online: https:\/\/cybe.eu\/our-story\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"CyBe (2022, March 30). 3D Concrete Printers. CyBe Construction. Available online: https:\/\/cybe.eu\/technology\/3d-printers\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"CyBe (2022, March 30). We Redefine Construction. CyBe Construction. Available online: https:\/\/cybe.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"107","article-title":"Prospective study on the integration of additive manufacturing to building industry\u2014case of a French construction company","volume":"16","author":"Krimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"CyBe (2022, March 30). CyBe 3Dcp Specifications. CyBe. Available online: https:\/\/lybrary.cybe.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/dlm_uploads\/2021\/07\/3D-specifications-V3.6-NC.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"CyBe (2022, March 30). R&DRone Laboratory. CyBe Construction. Available online: https:\/\/cybe.eu\/cases\/rdrone-lab\/."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"3D Construction Printing (2022, April 12). Exclusive Winsun 3D Concrete Printing Factory Tour, Suzhou China. YouTube. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZUdrorzKrrc."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/1\/106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:49:05Z","timestamp":1760147345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/1\/106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings13010106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings13010106","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]}}}