{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T18:29:38Z","timestamp":1774549778633,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Slovenia, the existing organised housing infrastructure for people over 65 years of age is insufficient and lacks diversification. Older people are often homeowners, many of whom dwell in large, underused single-family houses that require adaptations. Some have the potential to be transformed into small co-housing communities of 3\u20136 older people. The houses in question are mostly pattern-book houses of various types, built in the first decades after WWII. To approach the problem of converting this mass resource while providing enough flexibility for individual customisation, a shape grammar was proposed, with the intension of expanding the range of design variations for the transformation of single-family houses and presenting them to both users and architects for further assessment. The shape grammar was inferred based on a corpus of case studies developed by architecture students across two weeklong workshops. Three general strategies emerged\u2014splitting the house vertically (according to sleeping\/private and living\/communal functions), horizontally, or with the maximum number of sleeping\/private spaces. Essential spaces were catalogued to determine the conditions and requirements for assigning every transformation rule. The result was a simple, yet versatile composition generator. Through the development of a user-friendly interface, this resource could be used to empower potential inhabitants in the transformation design process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13020453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T02:28:17Z","timestamp":1675736897000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Architecture for Community-Based Ageing\u2014A Shape Grammar for Transforming Typical Single-Family Houses into Older People\u2019s Cohousing in Slovenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9219-2884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Bel\u010di\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2980-3686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Eloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), ISTAR, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, November 17). Ageing Europe. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/cache\/digpub\/ageing\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"The Community of Social Institutions in Slovenia\u2014SSZS (2022, November 17). An Overview of Retirement Home Capacities and the Number of Applicants. Available online: https:\/\/servis.ssz-slo.si\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Mali, J. (2008). Od Hiralnic do Domov za Stare Ljudi, Fakulteta za Socialno Delo UL."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Mali, J. (2013). Dolgotrajna Oskrba v Mestni Ob\u010dini Ljubljana, Fakulteta za Socialno Delo UL."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ageing in Place Driving Urban Transformations","volume":"5","author":"Kavsek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Univers. Excell."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"WHO (2017). Age-Friendly Environments in Europe, a Handbook of Domains for Policy Action, WHO Regional Office for Europe. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/334251\/9789289052887-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Architects\u2019 Council of Europe (2023, January 15). Statement for Affordable & Quality Housing, Presented at the Affordable Housing Activation Forum Held in Madrid on 18\u201320 May 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.ace-cae.eu\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/ACE_HOUSING_STATEMENT_18_MAY_FINALOK.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Boljka, U., and Ogrin, A. (2013). Da je Skupaj La\u017eje Biti Sam: Zbornik Prispevkov o (so)bivanju Starej\u0161ih, Zveza Dru\u0161tev Upokojencev Slovenije. Available online: http:\/\/www.firis-imperl.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/ZDUS_HELPS-sobivanje-intervju.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"NPSta (2019, October 12). National Housing Program, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 43\/00, Uradni List Republike Slovenije d.o.o., Ljubljana. Available online: http:\/\/pisrs.si\/Pis.web\/pregledPredpisa?id=NACP25."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2022, November 17). ReNSP15\u2014Resolution on the National Housing Program 2015\u2014In Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia; No. 92\/15, Uradni list Republike Slovenije d.o.o., Ljubljana. Available online: http:\/\/www.pisrs.si\/Pis.web\/pregledPredpisa?id=RESO114."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"UMAR (2019, October 14). Strategija Dolgo\u017eive Dru\u017ebe, Available online: www.umar.gov.si\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/publikacije\/kratke_analize\/Strategija_dolgozive_druzbe\/Osnutek_SDD_april_2017_prava_verzija.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Mali, J. (2022, March 18). Koncept Totalne Ustanove in Domovi za Stare. Socialno delo, Letnik 45, \u0160tevilka \u00bd, Str. 17-URN:NBN:SI:DOC-SNFZ9ITE. Available online: http:\/\/www.dlib.si."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Majcen, B., Ur\u0161i\u010d, S., Srakar, A., and Ma\u0161i\u010d, S. SHARE (Eng. The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe): Kako Slovenci \u017divimo v Drugi Polovici \u017divljenja, In\u0161titut za Ekonomska Raziskovanja. Available online: http:\/\/www.share-slovenija.si\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Housing Europe Observatory (2023, January 15). Ageing Well at Home, a Research Briefing by the Housing Europe Observatory, Vol. 5 of the Series. Available online: https:\/\/www.housingeurope.eu\/resource-1560\/ageing-well-at-home."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"SURS\u2014Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2023, January 17). Available online: https:\/\/www.stat.si\/StatWeb\/news\/Index\/8160."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Brezar, V. Available online: https:\/\/www.dlib.si\/details\/URN:NBN:SI:doc-DZVVGY48."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Mihailovi\u0107, \u017d. (1979). Katalog Tipskih Projekata sa Preko 1300 Tipova: Vikend Ku\u0107e, Prizemne Zgrade, Spratne Zgrade, Zgrade sa Lokalom, Gara\u017ee, Ekonomske Zgrade, Na\u0161 Stan."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Stare Slike Cerknica (2022, October 10). Online Archive with Primary Sources Including Photographs and Written Accounts. Figure 3 Source Images Provided by Perko, Franc (Left and Centre-Left) and Used with their Permission. Available online: https:\/\/stareslike.cerknica.org\/2018\/12\/07\/1970-slivice-betoniranje-temeljev-za-hiso\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Stare Slike Cerknica (2022, October 10). Online Archive with Primary Sources Including Photographs and Written Accounts. Figure 3 Source Images Provided by Jane\u0161, Alojz. Available online: https:\/\/stareslike.cerknica.org\/2020\/03\/07\/1973-loz-gradnja-smelijevega-naselja\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Blenku\u0161, M. (2003). Uporabniku in Okolju Prilagojeno Na\u010drtovanje Stanovanjske Gradnje. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ljubljana]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1068\/b31124","article-title":"Towards the Mass Customization of Housing: The Grammar of Siza\u2019s Houses at Malagueira","volume":"32","author":"Duarte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolarevic, B., and Duarte, J.P. (2018). Mass Customization and Design Democratization, Routledge, Taylor & Francis LTD.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351117869"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"291","article-title":"Research in architecture and urban studies at Cambridge in the 1960s and 1970s: What really happened","volume":"21","author":"Steadman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arch."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/03080188.2017.1297160","article-title":"Bridging the cultures: Architecture, models and computers in 1960s Cambridge","volume":"42","author":"Hawkes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Alexander, C. (1964). Notes on the Synthesis of Form, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1460","article-title":"Shape Grammars and the Generative Specification of Painting and Sculpture","volume":"71","author":"Stiny","year":"1971","journal-title":"IFIP Congr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1068\/b030147","article-title":"Space syntax","volume":"3","author":"Hillier","year":"1976","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1068\/b050005","article-title":"The Palladian Grammar","volume":"5","author":"Stiny","year":"1978","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1068\/b080295","article-title":"The Language of the Prairie: Frank Lloyd Wright\u2019s Prairie Houses","volume":"8","author":"Koning","year":"1981","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1068\/b140323","article-title":"More than the sum of parts: The grammar of Queen Anne houses","volume":"14","author":"Flemming","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2015.08.006","article-title":"Making grammars: From computing with shapes to computing with things","volume":"41","author":"Knight","year":"2015","journal-title":"Des. Stud."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1068\/b030187","article-title":"Two exercises in formal composition","volume":"3","author":"Stiny","year":"1976","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060414000067","article-title":"Inferring a shape grammar: Translating designer\u2019s knowledge","volume":"28","author":"Eloy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-7051(00)00079-4","article-title":"Supporting design through the strategic use of shape grammars","volume":"13","author":"Smyth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00004-011-0052-x","article-title":"A Transformation Grammar for Housing Rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Eloy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nexus Netw. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.52842\/conf.ecaade.2013.2.677","article-title":"The Rehabilitation Design Process of the Bourgeois House of Oporto: Shape Grammar Simplification, Computation and Performance","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Coimbra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Eloy, S. (2012). A Transformation Grammar-Based Methodology for Housing Rehabilitation: Meeting Contemporary Functional and ICT Requirements. [Ph.D. Thesis, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"189","article-title":"Manifold Fa\u00e7ades\u2014A Grammar-Based Approach for the Adaptation of Office Buildings into Housing","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Guerritore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe, eCAADe"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1068\/b3096","article-title":"Design by Grammar: An Interpretation and Generation of Vernacular Hayat Houses in Contemporary Context","volume":"32","author":"Colakoglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/2\/453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:26:16Z","timestamp":1760120776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/2\/453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings13020453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings13020453","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]}}}