{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:27:04Z","timestamp":1775838424599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project GrowingCircle-Integrated Data for Efficient and Sustainable Construction","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Economic Area (EEA) Financial Mechanism 2014\u20132021; Environment, Climate Change and Low Carbon Economy Programme","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digitalization and sustainability are twin trends in the construction industry (CI). Mobile devices are becoming more and more powerful, gaining the ability to support tasks that, until recently, were unthinkable. One example is LiDAR. The use of this technology embedded in tablets and smartphones brings new possibilities at a scan-to-BIM level. Given the commitment to circularity, waste audits will become mandatory for renovation projects. This is a heavy task that can benefit from existing processes and from digital technologies. This paper aims to demonstrate how everything is related and can be efficiently combined. The research convenes digital transition, green transition, circular economy, waste audit, LiDAR, and design processes\u2019 improvement. A mixed-methods approach aims to demonstrate how it is possible to establish digital waste audits and how these can become the core of the diagnosis process to be made during strategic definition or as part of the renovation design\u2019s initial actions. LiDAR technology embedded in mobile devices is worthy and can bring major improvements to the diagnosis phase. This will become more compliant with objectives set for digitalization and improved sustainability, contributing to the sector\u2019s twin digital and green transitions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13020456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T03:57:16Z","timestamp":1675828636000},"page":"456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Exploring the Potential of iPad-LiDAR Technology for Building Renovation Diagnosis: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4380-5530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"M\u00eada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Construction Institute, CONSTRUCT\/GEQUALTEC, Faculty of Engineering, Porto University, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9893-0377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Calvetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Construction Institute, CONSTRUCT\/GEQUALTEC, Faculty of Engineering, Porto University, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8335-0898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hip\u00f3lito","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT\/GEQUALTEC, Faculty of Engineering, Porto University, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00eada, P., Hjelseth, E., Calvetti, D., and Sousa, H. (2021, January 19\u201328). Enabling circular construction information flows using data templates\u2014Conceptual frameworks based on waste audit action. Proceedings of the 2021 EC3\u2014European Conference on Computing in Construction, Online.","DOI":"10.35490\/EC3.2021.208"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Construction Sector Observatory (2022, September 20). Digitalisation in the Construction Sector. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/docsroom\/documents\/45547\/attachments\/1\/translations\/en\/renditions\/native."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Commission (2019). The European Green Deal, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-02-2021-0172","article-title":"Implementation of technologies in the construction industry: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"268","article-title":"A successful approach in integrating people, process, and technology inside collaborative environments: A practical view of challenges and lessons learned","volume":"2009","author":"Derenzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Digit. Energy Conf. Exhib."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"526","article-title":"Construction 4.0: What we know and where we are headed? Next Generation ICT\u2014How distant is ubiquitous computing?","volume":"26","author":"Karmakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1080\/01446190802298413","article-title":"Implementing innovation in construction: Contexts, relative boundedness and actor-network theory","volume":"26","author":"Harty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Manag. Econ."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"393","article-title":"Construction 4.0\u2014Digital Transformation of One of the Oldest Industries","volume":"21","author":"Turk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econ. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Duhovnik, J. (1984). Ra\u010dunalni\u0161ko Projektiranje (CAD) Gradbenih Konstrukcij, Fakulteta. Available online: https:\/\/plus.cobiss.net\/cobiss\/si\/sl\/bib\/47410."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Forum, W.E. (2016). Shaping the Future of Construction\u2014A Breakthrough in Mindset and Technology, World Economic Forum. Available online: https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/reports\/shaping-the-future-of-construction-inspiring-innovators-redefine-the-industry."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forbes, L.H., and Ahmed, S.M. (2003, January 19\u201321). Construction Integration and Innovation Through Lean Methods and E-Business Applications. Proceedings of the Contruction Research Congress, Winds of Change: Integration and Innovation in Construction, Proceedings of the Congress, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/40671(2003)41"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"European Construction Sector Observatory (2019). Building Information Modelling in the EU Construction Sector, European Construction Sector Observatory. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiPpvmmjP77AhWLTaQEHVHbCPUQFnoECA0QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efbww.eu%2Fstream%2Fd7c22ce7-4297-40a9-ae3c-2ada75333c83&usg=AOvVaw3Y68j1bUB6nh9nmCQbpmIQ."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Staff, C. (2021). Scenarios for a Transition Pathway for a Resilient, Greener and More Digital Construction Ecosystem (Ares(2021)7679109) Final), European Commission."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Project, S. (2020). Towards a Unified Reference Architecture in AECOO Industry, Technical Insight. Available online: https:\/\/sphere-project.eu\/publication-results\/project-deliverables\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvetti, D., Sanhudo, L., M\u00eada, P., Martins, J.P., Gon\u00e7alves, M.C., and Sousa, H. (2022). Construction Tasks Electronic Process Monitoring: Laboratory Circuit-Based Simulation Deployment. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12081174"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvetti, D., M\u00eada, P., Sousa, H., and Gon\u00e7alves, M.C. (2021, January 19\u201328). Human Data Interaction in Sensored Sites, Challenges of the Craft Workforce Dimension. Proceedings of the 2021 European Conference on Computing in Construction, Rhodes, Greece.","DOI":"10.35490\/EC3.2021.171"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qui\u00f1ones, R., Llatas, C., Montes, M.V., and Cort\u00e9s, I. (2021). A multiplatform bim-integrated construction waste quantification model during design phase. The case of the structural system in a spanish building. Recycling, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/recycling6030062"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2021.073","article-title":"Labour productivity as a means for assessing environmental impact in the construction industry","volume":"5","author":"Calvetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital platform for circular economy in aec industry","volume":"9","author":"Kovacic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Proj. Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7etin, S., De Wolf, C., and Bocken, N. (2021). Circular digital built environment: An emerging framework. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13116348"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00eada, P., Calvetti, D., Hjelseth, E., and Sousa, H. (2021). Incremental Digital Twin Conceptualisations Targeting Data-Driven Circular Construction. Buildings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11110554"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, P.M., Calvetti, D., Kifokeris, D., and Kassem, M. (2022, January 24\u201326). A Process-Based Framework for Digital Building Logbooks. Proceedings of the 2022 European Conference on Computing in Construction, Rhodes, Greece."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Nativi, S., Delipetrev, B., and Craglia, M. (2020). Destination Earth Survey on \u201cDigital Twins\u201d Technologies and Activities, in the Green Deal Area, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Muench, F., Stoermer, S., Jensen, E., Asikainen, K., Salvi, T., and Scapolo, M. (2022). Towards a Green and Digital Future, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Comission, E. (2020). A New Circular Economy Action Plan for a Cleaner and More Competitive Europe, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"European Commission (2020). A Renovation Wave for Europe, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"249","article-title":"Investigating the barriers to laser scanning implementation in building refurbishment","volume":"26","author":"Uotila","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Gower, B.A., and Pasian, B. (2017). Design Methods and Practices for Research of Project Management, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2018.07.007","article-title":"Promoting novelty, rigor, and style in energy social science: Towards codes of practice for appropriate methods and research design","volume":"45","author":"Sovacool","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Fellows, R., and Liu, A. (2022). Research Methods for Construction, Wiley-Blac."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Gower, B.A., and Pasian, B. (2017). Design Methods and Practices for Research of Project Management, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102905","article-title":"LiDAR point-cloud mapping of building fa\u00e7ades for building energy performance simulation","volume":"107","author":"Boyle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"da Constru\u00e7\u00e3o, I.-I. (2022, September 20). GrowingCircle Project\u2014Building Case Study. Available online: https:\/\/growingcircle.netlify.app\/cases\/matosinhoshabit."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"European Commission (2018). Guidelines for the Waste Audits before Demolition and Renovation Works of Buildings. UE Construction and Demolition Waste Management, European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/docsroom\/documents\/31521\/attachments\/1\/translations\/en\/renditions\/native."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"European Construction Sector Observatory (2019). EU Construction Sector: In Transition towards Circular Economy, European Construction Sector Observatory."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125223","article-title":"Transition from building information modeling (BIM) to integrated digital delivery (IDD) in sustainable building management: A knowledge discovery approach based review","volume":"291","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2022.106642","article-title":"Whole life cycle environmental impact assessment of buildings: Developing software tool and database support for the EU framework Level(s)","volume":"188","author":"Cordella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"200110","article-title":"Digitalization for a circular economy in the building industry: Multiple-case study of Dutch social housing organizations","volume":"15","author":"Gruis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl. Adv."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"European Parliament and European Union Council (2022). 2022 Strategic Foresight Report\u2014Twinning the Green and Digital Transitions in the New Geopolitical Context (COM(2022) 289 Final), European Parliament and European Union Council."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Centre for Digital Built Britain, Jalia, A., Bakker, R., Zomer, T., Lamb, K., Boulton, C., Neely, A., Repository, I., and Infrastructure, S. (2019). Capability Framework and Research Agenda for a Digital Built Britain, Centre for Digital Built Britain."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124215","article-title":"Circular economy practices in the built environment","volume":"276","author":"Joensuu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsay, G.S., Staub-French, S., and Poirier, \u00c9. (2022). BIM for Facilities Management: An Investigation into the Asset Information Delivery Process and the Associated Challenges. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12199542"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_44.1","unstructured":"European Commission (2018). Directive"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_44.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2018\/851 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2008\/98\/EC on waste. Off. J. Eur. Union, 14, L-150\/109-140. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32018L0851."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saura-G\u00f3mez, P., Spairani-Berrio, Y., Huesca-Tortosa, J.A., Spairani-Berrio, S., and Rizo-Maestre, C. (2021). Advances in the restoration of buildings with lidar technology and 3d reconstruction: Forged and vaults of the refectory of santo domingo de orihuela (16th century). Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188541"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"303","article-title":"3D Mapping of Indoor and Outdoor Environments Using Apple Smart Devices","volume":"43","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Stein, S. (2022, September 26). Lidar is One of the iPhone and iPad Pro\u2019s Coolest Tricks: Here\u2019s What Else it Can Do. CNET\u2014Your Guide to a Better Future. Available online: https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/tech\/mobile\/lidar-is-one-of-the-iphone-ipad-coolest-tricks-its-only-getting-better\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2021.1964617","article-title":"Mobile 3D scan LiDAR: A literature review","volume":"12","author":"Chiappini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, D., Ying, X., Cui, Y., Song, J., Qian, K., and Li, M. (2017, January 3\u20135). Research on the technology of LIDAR data processing. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Electronics Instrumentation & Information Systems (EIIS 2017), Harbin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIIS.2017.8298694"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopac, N., Jurdana, I., Brneli\u0107, A., and Krljan, T. (2022). Application of Laser Systems for Detection and Ranging in the Modern Road Transportation and Maritime Sector. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22165946"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103684","article-title":"Fully automated methodology for the delineation of railway lanes and the generation of IFC alignment models using 3D point cloud data","volume":"126","author":"Justo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13234","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3177698","article-title":"An Automated Rail Extraction Framework for Low-Density LiDAR Data Without Sensor Configuration Information","volume":"22","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102961","article-title":"Bridge construction progress monitoring using lidar and 4D design models","volume":"109","author":"Puri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2012.10.006","article-title":"Automatic creation of semantically rich 3D building models from laser scanner data","volume":"31","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benarab, D., Derigent, W., Brie, D., Bombardier, V., and Thomas, A. (2018). All-Automatic 3D BIM Modeling of Existing Buildings, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01614-2_6"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajeb, M., Karimzadeh, S., and Matsuoka, M. (2020). SAR and LIDAR datasets for building damage evaluation based on support vector machine and random forest algorithms\u2014A case study of Kumamoto earthquake, Japan. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10248932"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u0142aszczak-B\u0105k, W., Suchocki, C., Janicka, J., Dumalski, A., Duchnowski, R., and Sobieraj-\u017b\u0142obi\u0144ska, A. (2020). Automatic threat detection for historic buildings in dark places based on the modified OPTD method. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Information, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9020123"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.14434\/sdh.v1i2.23286","article-title":"Project of the digital monuments funds: Digitization of the cultural heritage of Slovakia","volume":"1","author":"Minaroviech","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. Digit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c9kes, C. (2021, January 3\u20136). Inspecting Twin 42 Reinforced Concrete Pipes with Pipe Penetrating Radar Supplemented by LiDAR. Proceedings of the Pipelines 2021: Planning\u2014Proceedings of Sessions of the Pipelines 2021 Conference, Online.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784483602.027"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, G.A., Patil, A.K., Kang, T.W., and Chai, Y.H. (2019). Sensor fusion based pipeline inspection for the augmented reality system. Symmetry, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11101325"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aijazi, A.K., Malaterre, L., Trassoudaine, L., Chateau, T., and Checchin, P. (2019). Automatic detection and modeling of underground pipes using a porTable 3D LiDAR system. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245345"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131380","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3009738","article-title":"Autonomous Wind-Turbine Blade Inspection Using LiDAR-Equipped Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","volume":"8","author":"Car","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012058","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1878\/1\/012058","article-title":"An overview of object detection from building point cloud data","volume":"1878","author":"Mansor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orsulic, J., Milijas, R., Batinovic, A., Markovic, L., Ivanovic, A., and Bogdan, S. (2021, January 4\u20135). Flying with Cartographer: Adapting the Cartographer 3D Graph SLAM Stack for UAV Navigation. Proceedings of the AIRPHARO 2021\u20141st AIRPHARO Workshop on Aerial Robotic Systems Physically Interacting with the Environment, Biograd na Moru, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIRPHARO52252.2021.9571065"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantino, D., Vozza, G., Pepe, M., and Alfio, V.S. (2022). Smartphone LiDAR Technologies for Surveying and Reality Modelling in Urban Scenarios: Evaluation Methods, Performance and Challenges. Appl. Syst. Innov., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/asi5040063"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B1-2021-63-2021","article-title":"The ipad pro built-in lidar sensor: 3D rapid mapping tests and quality assessment","volume":"43","author":"Spreafico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Los\u00e8, L.T., Spreafico, A., Chiabrando, F., and Tonolo, F.G. (2022). Apple LiDAR Sensor for 3D Surveying: Tests and Results in the Cultural Heritage Domain. Remote. Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174157"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVI-2-W1-2022-373-2022","article-title":"Tripping the light fantastic: Using light-based techniques to digitally document megalithic architecture","volume":"46","author":"Meegan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balado, J., Fr\u00edas, E., Gonz\u00e1lez-Collazo, S.M., and D\u00edaz-Vilari\u00f1o, L. (2022). New Trends in Laser Scanning for Cultural Heritage, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-1894-0_10"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-599-2021","article-title":"First assessments into the use of commercial-grade solid state lidar for low cost heritage documentation","volume":"43","author":"Murtiyoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"544","article-title":"Automatic LiDAR-based lighting inventory in buildings","volume":"73","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, W., Tang, S., Darwish, W., Hu, Y., and Chen, W. (2020). Automatic indoor as-built building information models generation by using low-cost RGB-D sensors. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010293"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2022.103969","article-title":"Smartphone assisted fieldwork: Towards the digital transition of geoscience fieldwork using LiDAR-equipped iPhones","volume":"227","author":"Tavani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth-Science Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Birch, C., and Olivier, A. (2022, January 22\u201325). Narrow, tabular stope 3d scanning in deep-level gold mines using an ipad pro lidar. Proceedings of the 27th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, IMCET 2022, Antalya, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01763-9","article-title":"Evaluation of the Apple iPhone 12 Pro LiDAR for an Application in Geosciences","volume":"11","author":"Luetzenburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D4014005","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001087","article-title":"Remote Modal Study of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Using a Multipath Lidar Vibrometer","volume":"141","author":"Valla","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.778.350","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning and settled techniques: A support to detect pathologies and safety conditions of timber structures","volume":"778","author":"Chiabrando","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2126","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.2126","article-title":"Detection of structural faults in piers of masonry arch bridges through automated processing of laser scanning data","volume":"25","author":"Riveiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct. Control. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"7281","article-title":"Extending the exposure time in high-resolution mobile tunnel lidar","volume":"Part F140","author":"Murakami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. InfoBase Conf. Pap."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2019.09.006","article-title":"Advanced non-destructive techniques for the diagnosis of historic buildings: The Loka-Hteik-Pan temple in Bagan","volume":"43","author":"Costamagna","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2020.111413","article-title":"Post-earthquake damage identification of an RC school building in Nepal using ambient vibration and point cloud data","volume":"227","author":"Akhlaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3846\/jcem.2020.11520","article-title":"Using 3D laser scanning to analyze heritage structures: The case study of egyptian palace","volume":"26","author":"Marzouk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardani, G., and Angjeliu, G. (2020). Integrated use of measurements for the structural diagnosis in historical vaulted buildings. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154290"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"196","article-title":"Scanning lidar fluorosensor for cultural heritage diagnostics","volume":"5850","author":"Aristipini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2015.05.003","article-title":"An overview of satellite synthetic aperture radar remote sensing in archaeology: From site detection to monitoring","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2012.10.025","article-title":"Laser-induced fluorescence study of medieval frescoes by Giusto de\u2019 Menabuoi","volume":"14","author":"Fantoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"17","article-title":"Diagnosis of wind turbine misalignment through SCADA Data","volume":"18","author":"Ngaruiya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagnostyka"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.02.160","article-title":"Retro-diagnosis methodology for land consumption analysis towards sustainable future scenarios: Application to a mediterranean coastal area","volume":"195","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"113","article-title":"Risk Assessment for Landslides Using Bayesian Networks and Remote Sensing Data","volume":"2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geo-Risk"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.09.004","article-title":"Automatic classification of urban ground elements from mobile laser scanning data","volume":"86","author":"Balado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Southern Housing Group (2021). Spatial Hierarchy & Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN) Procedures, Southern Housing Group. Available online: https:\/\/www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk\/business-government\/tools-support\/uprn."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2010.10.022","article-title":"UAV and RPV systems for photogrammetric surveys in archaelogical areas: Two tests in the Piedmont region (Italy)","volume":"38","author":"Chiabrando","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2022, November 29). BIMeo, \u201cBIMeo\u2014ARtoBuild\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/www.bimeo.fr\/artobuild."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"2219","article-title":"Bias and Repeatability of Measurements from 3D Scans Made Using iOS-Based Lidar","volume":"2021","author":"Heinrichs","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAE Tech. Pap."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_95.1","unstructured":"European Commission (2008). Directive"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_95.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2018\/851 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018, European Commission. Available online: http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:312:0003:01:ES:HTML."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/2\/456\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:26:49Z","timestamp":1760120809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/2\/456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings13020456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings13020456","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]}}}