{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T02:27:56Z","timestamp":1776220076878,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]],"date-time":"2023-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional printed concrete (3DPC) is emerging as a new building material. Due to automation, this method dramatically decreases construction time and material wastage while increasing construction quality. Despite the mentioned benefits, this technology faces various issues. Among these issues, the inability to use steel bars for reinforcement and early age cracking because of the low water-to-binder ratio and high amount of binders can be mentioned. In this regard, due to the superior properties of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC), such as high first crack strength, tensile strength, improvement ductility, and resistance to shrinkage cracking, one of the effective ways to reinforce the mixture of the 3DPC is to use fibers instead of steel bars. Regarding the mentioned issues, the effects of different fibers, such as steel, carbon fibers and so on, on fresh and mechanical properties and dimensional stabilities of hardened concrete have been reviewed. It is predicted that using fibers, especially hybrid fibers, not only covers the deficiencies of initial cracking of 3DPC, but also can be used instead of steel bars; therefore, this material can play a pivotal role in the construction industry\u2019s future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13040945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T03:32:59Z","timestamp":1680492779000},"page":"945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Effects of Different Types of Fibers on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Cement and Geopolymer-Based 3D Printed Mixtures: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Ramezani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran"}]},{"given":"Shahriar","family":"Modaresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran"}]},{"given":"Pooria","family":"Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Rasul","family":"GivKashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3397-443X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faramarz","family":"Moodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran"}]},{"given":"Ali Akbar","family":"Ramezanianpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125443","article-title":"Resource efficiency in industrialized housing construction\u2014A systematic review of current performance and future opportunities","volume":"286","author":"Kedir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101833","article-title":"3D printed concrete for large-scale buildings: An overview of rheology, printing parameters, chemical admixtures, reinforcements, and economic and environmental prospects","volume":"32","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.01.010","article-title":"Digital reproduction of historical building ornamental components: From 3D scanning to 3D printing","volume":"76","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2003.08.012","article-title":"Automated construction by contour crafting\u2014Related robotics and information technologies","volume":"13","author":"Khoshnevis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103529","article-title":"Digital design computing and modelling for 3-D concrete printing","volume":"123","author":"Panda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Panda, B., Lim, J.H., Mohamed, N.A.N., Paul, S.C., Tay, Y.W.D., and Tan, M.J. (July, January 28). Automation of robotic concrete printing using feedback control system. Proceedings of the ISARC, International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"64","article-title":"Making sense of 3-D printing: Creating a map of additive manufacturing products and services","volume":"1","author":"Conner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.018","article-title":"Particle-bed 3D printing in concrete construction\u2013possibilities and challenges","volume":"112","author":"Lowke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-5805(96)00166-5","article-title":"Exploratory investigation of solid freeform construction","volume":"5","author":"Pegna","year":"1997","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9828-z","article-title":"Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance printing concrete","volume":"45","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.02.008","article-title":"Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable cementitious materials for building and construction","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Federowicz, K., Kaszy\u0144ska, M., Zieli\u0144ski, A., and Hoffmann, M. (2020). Effect of curing methods on shrinkage development in 3D-printed concrete. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13112590"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiberti, G., Mudadu, A., Barragan, B., and Plizzari, G. (2018). Shrinkage Cracking of Concrete Slabs-On-Grade: A Numerical Parametric Study. Fibers, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/fib6030064"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayahi, F. (2019). Plastic Shrinkage Cracking in Concrete: Mitigation and Modelling, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology.","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2019034002"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104516","article-title":"A plastic shrinkage cracking risk model for 3D printed concrete exposed to different environments","volume":"130","author":"Moelich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.009","article-title":"Mechanical behaviour of basalt fibre reinforced concrete","volume":"124","author":"Branston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.01.071","article-title":"Mechanical behaviour of basalt fibre reinforced concrete: An experimental study","volume":"43","author":"Ramesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2016.02.075","article-title":"Hybrid effects of steel fiber and microfiber on the tensile behavior of ultra-high performance concrete","volume":"145","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.04.537","article-title":"Fiber-reinforced concrete with mineral fibers and nanosilica","volume":"195","author":"Larisa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.111","article-title":"Use of glass and nylon fibers in concrete for controlling early age micro cracking in bridge decks","volume":"125","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.11.068","article-title":"Modeling the response of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete beams","volume":"210","author":"Solhmirzaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-9465(01)00043-9","article-title":"Crack growth resistance of hybrid fiber reinforced cement composites","volume":"25","author":"Banthia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.01.010","article-title":"Influence of polypropylene fiber geometry on plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete","volume":"36","author":"Banthia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.089","article-title":"Early age stability of concrete pavement by using hybrid fiber together with MgO expansion agent in high altitude locality","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.085","article-title":"Evaluation of dynamic increase factor models for steel fibre reinforced concrete","volume":"190","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.04.021","article-title":"A new constitutive model for steel fibre reinforced concrete subjected to dynamic loads","volume":"221","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.03.105","article-title":"Prediction of dynamic increase factor for steel fibre reinforced concrete using a hybrid artificial intelligence model","volume":"189","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.024","article-title":"Influence of type of fibers on the properties of high performance cement-based composites","volume":"107","author":"Corinaldesi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"533","article-title":"Study on long-term expansive deformation of self-stressing concrete with combined restrictions of steel fibers and steel bar","volume":"452","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.064","article-title":"Influence of shrinkage-reducing agent and polypropylene fiber on shrinkage of ceramsite concrete","volume":"159","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116769","article-title":"Influence of fibre characteristics on plastic shrinkage cracking in cement-based materials: A review","volume":"230","author":"Bertelsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"553","article-title":"Plastic shrinkage cracking of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete","volume":"92","author":"Soroushian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"233","article-title":"Drying shrinkage of concrete reinforced with fibers and welded-wire fabric","volume":"101","author":"Voigt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(95)00186-7","article-title":"Restrained shrinkage cracking in fiber reinforced concrete: A novel test technique","volume":"26","author":"Banthia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.041","article-title":"Enhancement of shrinkage behavior of lightweight aggregate concretes by shrinkage reducing admixture and fiber reinforcement","volume":"54","author":"Mohamadameen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1166\/asl.2011.1505","article-title":"Shrinkage properties of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)","volume":"4","author":"Koh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107582","article-title":"Analysis of the tensile fracture properties of ultra-high-strength fiber-reinforced concrete with different types of steel fibers by X-ray tomography","volume":"165","author":"Leiva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.066","article-title":"Compressive and tensile properties of reactive powder concrete with steel fibres at elevated temperatures","volume":"41","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106384","article-title":"Fiber orientation effects on ultra-high performance concrete formed by 3D printing","volume":"143","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.006","article-title":"Mineral-impregnated carbon fibre reinforcement for high temperature resistance of thin-walled concrete structures","volume":"97","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X15571385","article-title":"Sensory carbon fiber based textile-reinforced concrete for smart structures","volume":"27","author":"Goldfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.048","article-title":"Mechanical and smart properties of carbon fiber and graphite conductive concrete for internal damage monitoring of structure","volume":"142","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.172","article-title":"Influence of mix design variables on engineering properties of carbon fiber-modified electrically conductive concrete","volume":"152","author":"Sassani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korniejenko, K., \u0141ach, M., Chou, S.-Y., Lin, W.-T., Cheng, A., Hebdowska-Krupa, M., G\u0105dek, S., and Miku\u0142a, J. (2020). Mechanical properties of short fiber-reinforced geopolymers made by casted and 3D printing methods: A comparative study. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13030579"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Hambach, M., Rutzen, M., and Volkmer, D. (2019). 3D Concrete Printing Technology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.07.123","article-title":"Anisotropic mechanical performance of 3D printed fiber reinforced sustainable construction material","volume":"209","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.002","article-title":"Investigation of the rheology and strength of geopolymer mixtures for extrusion-based 3D printing","volume":"94","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2007.05.014","article-title":"Strain-hardening fiber cement optimization and component tailoring by means of a micromechanical model","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.040","article-title":"Development of ultra-high performance engineered cementitious composites using polyethylene (PE) fibers","volume":"158","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.165","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of geopolymer for sustainable built environment","volume":"167","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"632","article-title":"Review on micromechanical design, performance and development tendency of engineered cementitious composite","volume":"43","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chin. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafei, B., Kazemian, M., Dopko, M., and Najimi, M. (2021). State-of-the-art review of capabilities and limitations of polymer and glass fibers used for fiber-reinforced concrete. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14020409"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.10.010","article-title":"Material characteristics of high performance lightweight concrete reinforced with PVA","volume":"22","author":"Arisoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.006","article-title":"Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of basalt and glass fiber reinforced concrete: An experimental study","volume":"100","author":"Kizilkanat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.072","article-title":"Matrix tailoring of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) with non-oil-coated, low tensile strength PVA fiber","volume":"161","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126616","article-title":"Mechanical and macrostructural properties of 3D printed concrete dosed with steel fibers under different loading direction","volume":"323","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104310","article-title":"Mechanical anisotropy of ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete for 3D printing","volume":"125","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.122586","article-title":"Effect of polyethylene fiber content on workability and mechanical-anisotropic properties of 3D printed ultra-high ductile concrete","volume":"281","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119048","article-title":"Paving an engineered cementitious composite (ECC) overlay on concrete airfield pavement for reflective cracking resistance","volume":"252","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.159","article-title":"Matrix design of light weight, high strength, high ductility ECC","volume":"210","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118917","article-title":"Effect of polyethylene fiber content on physical and mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites","volume":"251","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Yu, J., Xiao, J., and Xu, Q. (2019). Using green supplementary materials to achieve more ductile ECC. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12060858"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2017.1356173","article-title":"Feasibility study of ECC with self-healing capacity applied on the long-span steel bridge deck overlay","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"101684","article-title":"Feasibility of glass\/basalt fiber reinforced seawater coral sand mortar for 3D printing","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.126","article-title":"Fresh and hardened properties of seawater-mixed concrete","volume":"190","author":"Younis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2018.04.002","article-title":"Effect of sustained load and seawater and sea sand concrete environment on durability of basalt-and glass-fibre reinforced polymer (B\/GFRP) bars","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.113","article-title":"Mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag concrete mixed by seawater and sea sand","volume":"196","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.02.058","article-title":"Structural performance of FRP confined seawater concrete columns under chloride environment","volume":"216","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"101617","article-title":"Development of extrudable high strength fiber reinforced concrete incorporating nano calcium carbonate","volume":"37","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2015.10.042","article-title":"Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC)","volume":"106","author":"Lampropoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.05.037","article-title":"Feasibility of using ultra-high ductility cementitious composites for concrete structures without steel rebar","volume":"170","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.09.010","article-title":"Direct tension behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete measured by a new test method","volume":"176","author":"Kwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116761","article-title":"Mixture design of self-levelling ultra-high performance FRC","volume":"228","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"102500","article-title":"PVA fibre reinforced high-strength cementitious composite for 3D printing: Mechanical properties and durability","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.12.115","article-title":"Rheological behaviors and structure build-up of 3D printed polypropylene and polyvinyl alcohol fiber-reinforced calcium sulphoaluminate cement composites","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.010","article-title":"Extrudability of cement-based composites reinforced with curau\u00e1 (Ananas erectifolius) or polypropylene fibers","volume":"205","author":"Teixeira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124453","article-title":"Development of fibre reinforced engineered cementitious composite using polyvinyl alcohol fibre and activated carbon powder for 3D concrete printing","volume":"303","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.06.124","article-title":"Fibre-reinforced lightweight engineered cementitious composites for 3D concrete printing","volume":"47","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.181","article-title":"Mechanical properties of high performance concrete reinforced with basalt fiber and polypropylene fiber","volume":"197","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.015","article-title":"Cementitious materials for construction-scale 3D printing: Laboratory testing of fresh printing mixture","volume":"145","author":"Kazemian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.037","article-title":"Testing pumpability of concrete using Sliding Pipe Rheometer","volume":"53","author":"Mechtcherine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106388","article-title":"3D-printable engineered cementitious composites (3DP-ECC): Fresh and hardened properties","volume":"143","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103400","article-title":"Rheology and shrinkage of concrete using polypropylene fiber for 3D concrete printing","volume":"44","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"97","article-title":"A new, portable rheometer for fresh self-consolidating concrete","volume":"233","author":"Koehler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aci Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118785","article-title":"Steel fibres reinforced 3D printed concrete: Influence of fibre sizes on mechanical performance","volume":"250","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.130","article-title":"Influence of steel fiber content and aspect ratio on the uniaxial tensile and compressive behavior of ultra high performance concrete","volume":"153","author":"Fehling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04018030","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002212","article-title":"Effect of hybrid fibers on fresh properties, mechanical properties, and autogenous shrinkage of cost-effective UHPC","volume":"30","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.008","article-title":"Mechanical anisotropy of aligned fiber reinforced composite for extrusion-based 3D printing","volume":"202","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.12.003","article-title":"Hardened properties of high-performance printing concrete","volume":"42","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119546","article-title":"Development of 3D-printable ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete for digital construction","volume":"257","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104281","article-title":"Digital fabrication of eco-friendly ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete","volume":"125","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.09.159","article-title":"Micro-cable reinforced geopolymer composite for extrusion-based 3D printing","volume":"235","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2018.1548069","article-title":"Ductility of 3D printed concrete reinforced with short straight steel fibers","volume":"14","author":"Bos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103665","article-title":"Mechanical and fracture properties of ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete: Effects of steel fiber and silica fume","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2022.104205","article-title":"Characteristics of 3D-printing ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete under impact loading","volume":"164","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125948","article-title":"Effect of directionally distributed steel fiber on static and dynamic properties of 3D printed cementitious composite","volume":"318","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.010","article-title":"Improving flexural characteristics of 3D printed geopolymer composites with in-process steel cable reinforcement","volume":"178","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123077","article-title":"Flexural properties of 3D printed fibre-reinforced concrete with recycled sand","volume":"288","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2013.11.012","article-title":"Compressive strength and hydration processes of concrete with recycled aggregates","volume":"56","author":"Koenders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128720","article-title":"Fiber-reinforced mortar with 100% recycled fine aggregates: A cleaner perspective on 3D printing","volume":"319","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.074","article-title":"An overview of study on recycled aggregate concrete in China (1996\u20132011)","volume":"31","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.112808","article-title":"Anisotropic behavior in bending of 3D printed concrete reinforced with fibers","volume":"254","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103773","article-title":"Effect of reinforcement configurations on the flexural behaviors of 3D printed fiber reinforced cementitious composite (FRCC) beams","volume":"46","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, F.P., Ahmed, Z.Y., Jutinov, E.R., and Salet, T.A. (2017). Experimental exploration of metal cable as reinforcement in 3D printed concrete. Mater. Lett., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10111314"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102992","article-title":"Mesh reinforcing method for 3D Concrete Printing","volume":"109","author":"Marchment","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebhard, L., Mata-Falc\u00f3n, J., Anton, A., Burger, J., Lloret-Fritschi, E., Reiter, L., Dillenburger, B., Gramazio, F., Kohler, M., and Flatt, R. (2020, January 6\u20138). Aligned interlayer fibre reinforcement and post-tensioning as a reinforcement strategy for digital fabrication. Proceedings of the RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7_63"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123524","article-title":"Mechanical and microstructural evolution of 3D printed concrete with polyethylene fiber and recycled sand at elevated temperatures","volume":"293","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Shakor, P., Nejadi, S., and Paul, G. (2018, January 26\u201328). An investigation into the behaviour of cementitious mortar in the construction of 3D printed members by the means of extrusion printing. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on 3D Construction Printing, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Lim, J.H., Li, M., and Weng, Y. (2018, January 14\u201317). Effect of fiber reinforced polymer on mechanical performance of 3D printed cementitious material. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the International Conference on Progress in Additive Manufacturing, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2021.131381","article-title":"High toughness 3D printed white Portland cement-based materials with glass fiber textile","volume":"309","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zeng, X., Li, Y., Yang, H., and Tang, S. (2022). Influences of MgO and PVA fiber on the abrasion and cracking resistance, pore structure and fractal features of hydraulic concrete. Fractal Fract., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/fractalfract6110674"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140002","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218348X21400028","article-title":"Comparison of fly ash, PVA fiber, MgO and shrinkage-reducing admixture on the frost resistance of face slab concrete via pore structural and fractal analysis","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fractals"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121325","article-title":"Bond performance between BFRP bars and 3D printed concrete","volume":"269","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106695","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of porosity on the mechanical properties of extrusion-based 3D printed concrete","volume":"153","author":"Kruger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nematollahi, B., Vijay, P., Sanjayan, J., Nazari, A., Xia, M., Naidu Nerella, V., and Mechtcherine, V. (2018). Effect of polypropylene fibre addition on properties of geopolymers made by 3D printing for digital construction. Mater. Lett., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122352"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2016.12.005","article-title":"High ductile behavior of a polyethylene fiber-reinforced one-part geopolymer composite: A micromechanics-based investigation","volume":"17","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.117","article-title":"Micromechanics-based investigation of a sustainable ambient temperature cured one-part strain hardening geopolymer composite","volume":"131","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.939.155","article-title":"Effect of type of fiber on inter-layer bond and flexural strengths of extrusion-based 3D printed geopolymer","volume":"939","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesovik, V., Fediuk, R., Amran, M., Alaskhanov, A., Volodchenko, A., Murali, G., Uvarov, V., and Elistratkin, M. (2021). 3D-Printed Mortars with Combined Steel and Polypropylene Fibers. Fibers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fib9120079"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2016.08.002","article-title":"Thermal and mechanical properties of sustainable lightweight strain hardening geopolymer composites","volume":"17","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118061","article-title":"Application of bacterial nanocellulose fibers as reinforcement in cement composites","volume":"241","author":"Akhlaghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.005","article-title":"Effect of composition and length of PP and polyester fibres on mechanical properties of cement based composites","volume":"36","author":"Alamshahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"136","article-title":"Investigating the feasibility of using carbon fiber tapes as reinforcement for 3D concrete printing","volume":"3","author":"Scheurer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Civ. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"37","article-title":"Dry fiber placement of carbon\/steel fiber hybrid preforms for multifunctional composites","volume":"5","author":"Rehra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Manuf. Polym. Compos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-021-01827-2","article-title":"3D printing as an automated manufacturing method for a carbon fiber-reinforced cementitious composite with outstanding flexural strength (105 N\/mm2)","volume":"54","author":"Rutzen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.206","article-title":"Incorporation of nano-materials in cement composite and geopolymer based paste and mortar\u2013A review","volume":"148","author":"Sumesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emdadi, Z., Asim, N., Amin, M.H., Ambar Yarmo, M., Maleki, A., Azizi, M., and Sopian, K. (2017). Development of green geopolymer using agricultural and industrial waste materials with high water absorbency. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7050514"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.055","article-title":"Mechanical properties and setting characteristics of geopolymer mortar using styrene-butadiene (SB) latex","volume":"113","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-009-0008-4","article-title":"Preparation and mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced calcined kaolin-fly ash based geopolymer","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. Technol."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/4\/945\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:08:42Z","timestamp":1760123322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/4\/945"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings13040945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings13040945","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]]}}}