{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T11:00:52Z","timestamp":1775473252863,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/103473\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/103473\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT-DZ\/0002\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT-DZ\/0002\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EST\/31865\/2017\u2014POCI\/01\/0145\/FEDER\/031865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EST\/31865\/2017\u2014POCI\/01\/0145\/FEDER\/031865"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["SFRH\/BD\/103473\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/103473\/2014"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["PT-DZ\/0002\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT-DZ\/0002\/2015"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EST\/31865\/2017\u2014POCI\/01\/0145\/FEDER\/031865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EST\/31865\/2017\u2014POCI\/01\/0145\/FEDER\/031865"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/103473\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/103473\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT-DZ\/0002\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT-DZ\/0002\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EST\/31865\/2017\u2014POCI\/01\/0145\/FEDER\/031865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EST\/31865\/2017\u2014POCI\/01\/0145\/FEDER\/031865"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/103473\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/103473\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT-DZ\/0002\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT-DZ\/0002\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EST\/31865\/2017\u2014POCI\/01\/0145\/FEDER\/031865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EST\/31865\/2017\u2014POCI\/01\/0145\/FEDER\/031865"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Programmatic Funding","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/103473\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/103473\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Programmatic Funding","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT-DZ\/0002\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT-DZ\/0002\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Programmatic Funding","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EST\/31865\/2017\u2014POCI\/01\/0145\/FEDER\/031865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EST\/31865\/2017\u2014POCI\/01\/0145\/FEDER\/031865"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Programmatic Funding","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Programmatic Funding","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Programmatic Funding","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/103473\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/103473\/2014"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["PT-DZ\/0002\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT-DZ\/0002\/2015"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EST\/31865\/2017\u2014POCI\/01\/0145\/FEDER\/031865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EST\/31865\/2017\u2014POCI\/01\/0145\/FEDER\/031865"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper examines how the decision to include (or exclude) masonry infill walls in the modelling of non-seismically designed RC framed structures can affect the results of the EC8-3 seismic assessment process. A frequently used macro-modelling technique for the simulation of infill panels within bounding RC members is first reviewed. A case-study application follows in which the seismic assessment of a sample structure is carried out, with and without considering the effect of its infill walls, using nonlinear static and dynamic analysis models. The obtained results are then discussed according to the applicable limit states\u2019 performance requirements, and conclusions are drawn regarding the overall outcome. The study indicates that, when low and medium seismic input motions constitute the base demand for the assessment of older-type RC framed buildings, the protection provided to the RC members by the confined masonry infill panels should not be neglected. Moreover, it shows that the identification of the most likely collapse mechanism might also be significantly influenced by the modelling decision in question. As such, the default recommendation is to include masonry infill walls in the modelling of such structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13051148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T04:42:54Z","timestamp":1682484174000},"page":"1148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Influence of Masonry Infill Walls on the Seismic Assessment of Non-Seismically Designed RC Framed Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1512-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Falc\u00e3o Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LESE, School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humberto","family":"Varum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9732-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2011.08.043","article-title":"Appraisal of masonry infill walls effect in the seismic response of RC framed buildings: A case study","volume":"34","author":"Uva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s40091-015-0081-x","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of infill walls on seismic performance of RC dual frames","volume":"7","author":"Razzaghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mucedero, G., Perrone, D., Brunesi, E., and Monteiro, R. (2020). Numerical Modelling and Validation of the Response of Masonry Infilled RC Frames Using Experimental Testing Results. Buildings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings10100182"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BEEE.0000021426.31223.60","article-title":"Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Gravity Load Designed R\/C Frames","volume":"1","author":"Masi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Tanganelli, M., Viti, S., De Stefano, M., and Rinhorn, A.M. (2011, January 12\u201313). Influence of infill panels on the seismic response of existing RC buildings: A case study. Proceedings of the 6th European Workshop on the Seismic Behaviour of Irregular and Complex Structures, Haifa, Israel."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Kappos, A.J., and Ellul, F. (February, January 30). Seismic design and performance assessment of masonry infilled RC frames. Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Seismic Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Fajfar, P., and Dol\u0161ek, M. (2008, January 25\u201327). Seismic performance assessment of infilled reinforced concrete frames. Proceedings of the International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation, Jakarta, Indonesia."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2005). Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance\u2014Part 3: Assessment and Retrofitting of Buildings (Standard No. EN 1998-3)."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Pinto, A., Verzeletti, G., Molina, J., Varum, H., Pinho, R., and Coelho, E. (2002). Pseudo-Dynamic Tests on Non-Seismic Resisting RC Frames (Bare and Selective RC Frames), European Committee for Standardization. EUR Report 20244 EN. ELSA, JRC Ispra, EC, Italy."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Falc\u00e3o Moreira, R. (2022). Seismic Risk Reduction of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Retrofitted with Steel Braces. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Porto]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-011-9262-6","article-title":"Implementation and verification of a masonry panel model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of infilled RC frames","volume":"9","author":"Smyrou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly, G.J. (2016). Performance-Based Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of Existing RC Buildings in Italy. [Ph.D. Thesis, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"30","article-title":"Analytical modelling of infilled frame structures\u2014A general overview","volume":"33","author":"Crisafulli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias-Oliveira, J., Rodrigues, H., Asteris, P.G., and Varum, H. (2022). On the seismic behaviour of masonry infilled frame structures. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12081146"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/13632460701299138","article-title":"Influence of masonry strength and openings on infilled RC frames under cyclic loading","volume":"12","author":"Kakaletsis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messaoudi, A., Chebili, R., Mohamed, H., and Rodrigues, H. (2022). Influence of Masonry Infill Wall Position and Openings in the Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frames. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12199477"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"100","article-title":"Characterizing the in-plane seismic performance of infill masonry","volume":"49","author":"Sassun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.2663","article-title":"Simplified macro-model for infill masonry walls considering the out-of-plane behaviour","volume":"45","author":"Furtado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Crisafulli, F.J. (1997). Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Structures with Masonry Infills. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Canterbury]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.2275","article-title":"Practice-oriented probabilistic seismic performance assessment of infilled frames with consideration of shear failure of columns","volume":"42","author":"Celarec","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2008.01.001","article-title":"The effect of masonry infills on the seismic response of a four-storey reinforced concrete frame\u2014A deterministic assessment","volume":"30","author":"Fajfar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.2555","article-title":"Seismic fragility of lightly reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills","volume":"44","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"69","article-title":"Proposed macro-model for the analysis of infilled frame structures","volume":"40","author":"Crisafulli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"381","article-title":"Behaviour of square infilled frames","volume":"92","year":"1966","journal-title":"ASCE J. Struct. Div."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1765106","article-title":"Performance of Masonry Buildings during the 2002 Molise, Italy, Earthquake","volume":"20","author":"Decanini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1765107","article-title":"Performance of Reinforced Concrete Buildings during the 2002 Molise, Italy, Earthquake","volume":"20","author":"Decanini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Decanini, L., Mollaioli, F., Mura, A., and Saragoni, R. (2004, January 1\u20136). Seismic performance of masonry infilled RC frames. Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Smyrou, E. (2006). Implementation and Verification of a Masonry Panel Model for Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Infilled RC Frames. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi de Pavia]."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Varum, H. (2003). Seismic Assessment, Strengthening and Repair of Existing Buildings. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Aveiro]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Seismosoft (2020) (2020, June 01). SeismoStruct 2020\u2014A Computer Program for Static and Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis of Framed Structures. Available online: http:\/\/www.seismosoft.com."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/13632461003651869","article-title":"Numerical Issues in Distributed Inelasticity Modeling of RC Frame Elements for Seismic Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Calabrese","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)","article-title":"Theoretical Stress-Strain Model for Confined Concrete","volume":"114","author":"Mander","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Menegotto, M., and Pinto, P. (1973, January 13\u201314). Method of analysis for cyclically loaded RC plane frames including changes in geometry and non-elastic behaviour of elements under combined normal force and bending. Proceedings of the IABSE Symposium on the Resistance and Ultimate Deformability of Structures Acted on by Well Defined Repeated Loads, Zurich, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1983)109:11(2666)","article-title":"Modeling of R\/C Joints under Cyclic Excitations","volume":"109","author":"Filippou","year":"1983","journal-title":"ASCE J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Blandon, C. (2012, January 24\u201328). Sensibility of nonlinear time-history analysis of a RC column using large scale shaking table results as benchmark. Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Sahlin, S. (1971). Structural Masonry, Prentice-Hall Inc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulay, T., and Priestly, M.J.N. (1992). Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470172841"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"19","article-title":"Compressive strength and some elastic properties of brickwork","volume":"3","author":"Sinha","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Mason. Constr."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Hendry, A.W. (1990). Structural Masonry, Macmillan Education Ltd."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Decanini, L.D., and Fantin, G.E. (1986, January 1\u20133). Modelos simplificados de la mamposter\u00eda incluida en p\u00f3rticos. Caracter\u00edsticas de rigidez y resistencia lateral en estado l\u00edmite (In Spanish). Proceedings of the Jornadas Argentinas de Ingenier\u00eda Estructural, Buenos Aires, Argentina."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Bertoldi, S.H., Decanini, L.D., and Gavarini, C. (1993, January 24\u201327). Telai Tamponati Soggetti ad Azione Sismica, un Modello Semplificato: Confronto Sperimentale e Numerico. Proceedings of the Atti del 6 Convegno Nazionale ANIDIS, Perugia, Italy."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wan, Q., and Yi, W. (1986, January 2\u20134). The shear strength of masonry walls under combined stresses. Proceedings of the 4th Canadian Masonry Symposium, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Riddington, J.R., and Ghazali, M.Z. (1988, January 19\u201321). Shear strength of masonry walls. Proceedings of the 8th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"139","article-title":"Failure of shear-stresses masonry\u2014An enlarged theory, tests, and application to shear walls","volume":"30","author":"Mann","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Br. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:9(2276)","article-title":"Response of Masonry Bed Joints in Direct Shear","volume":"115","author":"Atkinson","year":"1989","journal-title":"ASCE J. Struct. Div."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"473","article-title":"Steel Frames with Brickwork and Concrete Infilling","volume":"19","author":"Holmes","year":"1961","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"57","article-title":"On the stiffnesses and strengths of infilled frames","volume":"49","author":"Mainstone","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"641","article-title":"Nonlinear behaviour of non-integral infilled frames","volume":"63","author":"Liauw","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2004). Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance\u2014Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions, and Rules for Buildings (Standard No. EN 1998-1)."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Fajfar, P., and Fischinger, M. (1988, January 2\u20139). N2\u2014A method for nonlinear seismic analysis of regular buildings. Proceedings of the Ninth World Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2017.05.005","article-title":"SelEQ: An advanced ground motion record selection and scaling framework","volume":"114","author":"Macedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.2620","article-title":"Code-based record selection methods for seismic performance assessment of buildings","volume":"45","author":"Macedo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/13632460801925020","article-title":"A Critical Review of the R.C. Frame Existing Building Assessment Procedure According to Eurocode 8 and Italian Seismic Code","volume":"12","author":"Mpampatsikos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Biskinis, D.E. (2006). Deformations of Concrete Members at Yielding and Ultimate. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Patra]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-009-9123-8","article-title":"A comparative application of different EC8-3 procedures for the seismic safety assessment of existing structures","volume":"8","author":"Delgado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.953","article-title":"Practical aspects of demand and capacity evaluation of RC members in the context of EC8-3","volume":"39","author":"Delgado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Priestley, M.J.N. (2003). Myths and Fallacies in Earthquake Engineering, Revisited, IUSS Press. The Ninth Mallet Milne Lecture."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2013.08.010","article-title":"Mathematical micro-modelling of infilled frames: State of the art","volume":"56","author":"Asteris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/5\/1148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:23:46Z","timestamp":1760124226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/5\/1148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings13051148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings13051148","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]}}}