{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T23:21:35Z","timestamp":1777072895996,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01337\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01337\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When a building fa\u00e7ade does not meet its performance requirements, the integrity and safety of the structure may be compromised, resulting in the reduction of the building\u2019s service life. Ceramic tiles are a commonly applied cladding solution due to their aesthetic value and durability. However, as soon as ceramic claddings are installed, the claddings are subjected to various degradation agents, thus starting a degradation process in which different anomalies occur sequentially and simultaneously over the years. This study intends to find patterns of incidence of anomalies in distinct areas of the fa\u00e7ade and to map the risk of occurrence of a given anomaly. For that purpose, 345 ceramic claddings are analysed (46 buildings, corresponding to 81,500 m2) in the region of Bras\u00edlia, Brazil. Four main defects are identified based on visual inspections and using auxiliary diagnosis techniques, namely (i) detachment of ceramic tiles; (ii) cracking; (iii) grout failure; (iv) efflorescence. The results reveal that the detachment is the most frequent defect. The sensitivity maps proposed allow identifying a certain pattern in the occurrence of defects on ceramic claddings, revealing that continuous walls, transition between floors, and the top of the building are areas critically vulnerable to defects. The results obtained allow mapping the sensitivity of each part of the ceramic claddings to a given defect, aiding the detection and diagnosis of the degradation condition when carrying out inspections on new fa\u00e7ades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13051209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T01:33:36Z","timestamp":1683164016000},"page":"1209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mapping the Risk of Occurrence of Defects in Fa\u00e7ades with Ceramic Claddings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5067-3607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilamy","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, PECC\u2014University of Bras\u00edlia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, PECC\u2014University of Bras\u00edlia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7700-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lisbon School of Architecture, University of Lisbon, R. S\u00e1 Nogueira, 1349-063 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6715-474X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(1996). Standard Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid Prediction of the Service Life of Building Components and Materials. Standard No. ASTM E 632."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"De Brito, J., Silva, A., and Task Group (2021). CIB W080-Prediction of Service Life for Buildings and Components, International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction. 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