{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T09:02:51Z","timestamp":1765357371254,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile, ANID","award":["1221730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1221730"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional concrete printing is a technique that has been growing constantly, presenting advantages such as reduced completion times and a decreased environmental impact by eliminating the use of formworks. To carry out the process, the printing path of the extruded material and the movement of a robot must be programmed. Thus, the present research simulated these 3D concrete printing processes in a small 2-floor building of 309.06 m2 and then in a 12-floor building of 10,920 m2. To analyze the 3D printing process, discrete-event simulation was used while considering different variables such as extrusion speed and the locations of a robot mounted on tracks. The results show that when comparing the time taken for a conventional construction system to construct concrete walls and the maximum duration for 3D-printed walls, this method is 45% faster than traditional construction for a small building, but for a big building, there is a difference of 40% in favor of conventional construction; however, this was when using only 1 robot for the whole building. After running the same analyses but using 3 robots instead of 1, the total 3D concrete printing time for the big building was 80% faster in favor of the 3D concrete printing process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13061390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:10:53Z","timestamp":1685203853000},"page":"1390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Performance Analysis of 3D Concrete Printing Processes through Discrete-Event Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3036-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Forcael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepcion 4051381, Chile"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Chabur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepcion 4051381, Chile"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Cifuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepcion 4051381, Chile"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design and Theory of Architecture, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepcion 4051381, Chile"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Ramis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepcion 4051381, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9059-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Opazo-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepcion 4051381, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2012). 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