{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T05:09:14Z","timestamp":1769231354726,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/107879\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/107879\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper evaluates the influence of water content and mixing conditions (mixing time and sequence of addition of the constituents) on the fresh state properties of lime-based materials and their impact on the hardened state properties. Higher water contents allowed an increased fluidity and lower torque, yield stress and plastic viscosity values. In turn, a longer mixing time with the aggregate caused a progressively stiffer mortar and a substantial increase in the torque, yield stress and plastic viscosity values due to the breakdown of lime agglomerates that consume part of the free water available to lubricate the mix. A longer mixing time without the aggregate caused similar trends, albeit to a much lesser extent. The water content and mixing conditions also had a major impact on the resulting porous structure of lime mortars and, thus, on their mechanical strength.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13061530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T01:32:57Z","timestamp":1686792777000},"page":"1530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Influence of Water Content and Mixing Conditions on the Properties of Lime-Based Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8658-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5586-2511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Ferreira Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Candeias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory, University of \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2307\/1504464","article-title":"The Smeaton project: Factors affecting the properties of lime-based mortars","volume":"25","author":"Teutonico","year":"1993","journal-title":"APT Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.2002.47.1.62","article-title":"Lime mortars for the conservation of historic buildings","volume":"47","author":"Elert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(03)00210-2","article-title":"Masonry repair lime-based mortars: Factors affecting the mechanical behaviour","volume":"33","author":"Lanas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.02.005","article-title":"Mechanical properties of natural hydraulic lime-based mortars","volume":"34","author":"Lanas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2005.05.001","article-title":"The role of aggregates on the structure and properties of lime mortars","volume":"27","author":"Stefanidou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2008.03.003","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of lime mortars for architectural conservation","volume":"9","author":"Faria","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.09.016","article-title":"Effect of maturation time on the fresh and hardened properties of an air lime mortar","volume":"40","author":"Paiva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.010","article-title":"Influence of natural hydraulic lime content on the properties of aerial lime-based mortars","volume":"72","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Neville, A.M. (2011). Properties of Concrete, Prentice Hall. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Hewlett, P. (2004). Lea\u2019s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, Butterworth-Heinemann. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2008.06.008","article-title":"Admixtures effect on fresh state properties of aerial lime based mortars","volume":"23","author":"Seabra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-0618(94)90007-8","article-title":"Rheological methods for assessing the flow properties of mortar and related materials","volume":"8","author":"Banfill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roussel, N. (2012). Understanding the Rheology of Concrete, Woodhead Publishing. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095282"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"A\u00eftcin, P., and Flatt, R.J. (2015). Science and Technology of Concrete Admixtures, Woodhead Publishing. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2003.07.002","article-title":"Influence of superplasticizers on rheological behaviour of fresh cement mortars","volume":"34","author":"Szwabowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.03.017","article-title":"Effect of various superplasticizers on the rheological properties of Portland cement pastes","volume":"34","author":"Papo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(99)00124-6","article-title":"The influence of mixing on the rheology of fresh cement paste","volume":"29","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(99)00054-X","article-title":"Effect of mixing procedure on injectability of cementitious grouts","volume":"29","author":"Toumbakari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00454-3","article-title":"The influence of mineral admixtures on the rheology of cement paste and concrete","volume":"31","author":"Ferraris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(02)00839-6","article-title":"Influence of cement and superplasticizers type and dosage on the fluidity of cement mortars\u2014Part I","volume":"32","author":"Chandra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1680\/adcr.2005.17.2.77","article-title":"Polycarboxylate superplasticiser admixtures: Effect on hydration, microstructure and rheological behaviour in cement pastes","volume":"17","author":"Puertas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Cem. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Banfill, P.F.G. (2003, January 11\u201316). Rheology of fresh cement and concrete. Proceedings of the 11th International Cement Chemistry Congress, Durban, South Africa."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.02.016","article-title":"Influence of mixing sequence and superplasticiser dosage on the rheological response of cement pastes at different temperatures","volume":"36","author":"Casanova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9864-8","article-title":"Influence of mixing procedure and mixer type on fresh and hardened properties of concrete: A review","volume":"45","author":"Dils","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04016094","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001610","article-title":"Effects of mixing variables on early-age characteristics of portland cement systems","volume":"28","author":"Trejo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowo\u015bwiat, A., and Go\u0142aszewski, J. (2019). Influence of the variability of calcareous fly ash properties on rheological properties of fresh mortar with its addition. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12121942"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.022","article-title":"Effect of mix proportions on rheology and permeability of cement grouts containing viscosity modifying admixture","volume":"212","author":"Sonebi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.213","article-title":"Influence of mixing process on mortars rheological behavior through rotational rheometry","volume":"223","author":"Cazacliu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.04.155","article-title":"Rheological behaviour of hydraulic lime-based mortars","volume":"27","author":"Seabra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-008-9461-z","article-title":"The influence of the mixing procedures on the optimization of fresh grout properties","volume":"42","author":"Henriques","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"135","article-title":"Natural hydraulic lime-based grouts\u2014The selection of grout injection parameters for masonry consolidation","volume":"26","author":"Henriques","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2015.08.007","article-title":"Influence of superplasticizer, temperature, resting time and injection pressure on hydraulic lime grout injectability. Correlation analysis between fresh grout parameters and grout injectability","volume":"4","author":"Jorne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baltazar, L.G., Henriques, F.M., and Cidade, M.T. (2019). Rheology of natural hydraulic lime grouts for conservation of stone masonry\u2014Influence of compositional and processing parameters. Fluids, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids4010013"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Banfill, P.F.G., and Shimizu, L. (2016, January 10\u201312). Rheology of natural hydraulic limes for masonry repair. Proceedings of the 4th Historic Mortars Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-019-1310-8","article-title":"Rheology of lime pastes with biopolymer-based additives","volume":"52","author":"Arizzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2004.01764.x","article-title":"Effect of aging on rheological properties of lime putty","volume":"87","author":"Atzeni","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"3868","article-title":"Microstructure and rheology of lime putty","volume":"26","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02735.x","article-title":"Calcium hydroxide crystal evolution upon aging of lime putty","volume":"81","author":"Hansen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3989\/mc.2011.00311","article-title":"Differences in the rheological properties of calcitic and dolomitic lime slurries: Influence of particle characteristics and practical implications in lime-based mortar manufacturing","volume":"62","author":"Arizzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Construcc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.07.355","article-title":"The role of aging on rheological properties of lime putty","volume":"151","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Rago, F. (1999). Caracter\u00edsticas Reol\u00f3gicas de Pastas de Cales Hidratadas Normalizadas e de Cimento. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of S\u00e3o Paulo]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00397-015-0858-7","article-title":"Rheology of lime paste\u2014A comparison with cement paste","volume":"54","author":"Fourmentin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.008","article-title":"Characterization of aerial lime-based mortars modified by the addition of two different water-retaining agents","volume":"33","author":"Izaguirre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2012.10.007","article-title":"Influence of nanosilica and a polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer on the performance of lime mortars","volume":"43","author":"Duran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.006","article-title":"Development of grouts for consolidation of old renders","volume":"50","author":"Azeiteiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.587-588.872","article-title":"Ageing effect on aerial lime mortars rheology","volume":"Volume 587","author":"Seabra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Materials Science Forum"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.275","article-title":"Fresh and hardened state behaviour of aerial lime mortars with superplasticizer","volume":"225","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2019.101132","article-title":"Impact of a viscosity-modifying admixture on the properties of lime mortars","volume":"31","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2013.12.009","article-title":"Characterisation of rendering mortars by squeeze-flow and rotational rheometry","volume":"57","author":"Cardoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Hendrickx, R. (2009). The Adequate Measurement of the Workability of Masonry Mortar. [Ph.D. Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2010). Building Lime. Definitions, Specifications and Conformity Criteria (Standard No. EN 459-1)."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10948","DOI":"10.1021\/la051338f","article-title":"Nanostructure and irreversible colloidal behavior of Ca(OH)2: Implications in cultural heritage conservation","volume":"21","author":"Hansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-010-9689-2","article-title":"Physical properties and reactivity of pozzolans, and their influence on the properties of lime-pozzolan pastes","volume":"44","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2002). Aggregates for Mortar (Standard No. EN 13139)."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(1998). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry. Bulk Sampling of Mortars and Preparation of Test Mortars (Standard No. EN 1015-2)."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2005). Methods of Testing Cement. Determination of Strength (Standard No. EN 196-1)."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(1999). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry. Determination of Consistency of Fresh Mortar by Flow Table (Standard No. EN 1015-3)."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(1999). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry. Determination of Consistence of Fresh Mortar (by Plunger Penetration) (Standard No. EN 1015-4)."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2008). Grout for Pre-Stressing Tendons. Test Methods (Standard No. EN 445)."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coussot, P. (2014). Rheophysics\u2014The Matter in All Its States, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06148-1"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Teubert u. Greim GmbH (2016). Schleibinger Viskomat NT and Viskomat XL Manual, Schleibinger Testing Systems, Teubert u. Greim GmbH."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(1999). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry. Determination of Flexural and Compressive Strength of Hardened Mortar (Standard No. EN 1015-11)."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"177","article-title":"1\u2014Porosity Accessible to Water. RILEM TC 25-PEM\u2014Recommended tests to measure the deterioration of stone and to assess the effectiveness of treatment methods","volume":"13","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Banfill, P.F.G. (1990). Proceedings of an International Conference, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"6","article-title":"Rheological properties of lime putty","volume":"3","year":"2003","journal-title":"Meterialy Pro Stavbu"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1680\/macr.1991.43.154.13","article-title":"The rheology of fresh mortar","volume":"43","author":"Banfill","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mag. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2005.02.145","article-title":"Lime-pastes with different kneading water: Pore structure and capillary porosity","volume":"252","author":"Arandigoyen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-007-9250-0","article-title":"A study of the workability of natural hydraulic lime mortars and its influence on strength","volume":"41","author":"Hanley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01332.x","article-title":"Aging of lime putty: Effects on traditional lime mortar carbonation","volume":"83","author":"Cazalla","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.12.012","article-title":"Forced and natural carbonation of lime-based mortars with and without additives: Mineralogical and textural changes","volume":"35","author":"Cultrone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02473442","article-title":"Modelling lime mortar carbonation","volume":"27","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Strottman, R. (1999, January 12\u201314). Dispersed Hydrated Lime: Development and Production, Techniques and Applications. Proceedings of the International RILEM Workshop on Historic Mortars: Characteristics and Tests, Paisley, Scotland."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Lawrence, R.M.H. (2006). A Study of Carbonation in Non-Hydraulic Lime Mortars. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bath]."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/6\/1530\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:55:17Z","timestamp":1760126117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/6\/1530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings13061530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings13061530","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]}}}