{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:49:46Z","timestamp":1777423786649,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30681\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30681\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.05180.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.05180.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification of the main degradation agents and knowledge of the degradation mechanisms and long-term performance of ETICSs are of fundamental importance for the sustainable and efficient use of these systems. This review article presents the state of the art related to the durability of ETICSs, defining the required bases for their sustainable and efficient use. The aim is to identify the most common anomalies detected on ETICS fa\u00e7ades and their causes, to overview the performance of ETICS, their performance parameters and requirements and to identify the most significant degradation mechanisms and the related failure modes. The results show that ETICS application is a key aspect in the performance and durability of the system, since most of the anomalies can be prevented with proper design, execution and appropriate assembly of the system components. The greatest drawbacks lie in dealing with enhancing the water resistance over time, which leads to extensive cases of anomalies, and improving the mechanical and thermal performance during the life cycle. Further research is needed to evaluate the synergistic effect of several degradation agents and mechanisms toward a development in optimized durability assessment methodologies for ETICSs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13071664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:51:06Z","timestamp":1688086266000},"page":"1664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Toward the Sustainable and Efficient Use of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS): A Comprehensive Review of Anomalies, Performance Parameters, Requirements and Durability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6214-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o L.","family":"Parracha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LNEC, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Av. do Brasil, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CERIS, DECivil, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7135-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNEC, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Av. do Brasil, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4038-6748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Flores-Colen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, DECivil, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6849-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNEC, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Av. do Brasil, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\/Azorean Biodiversity Group\/CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment (FCAA), University of Azores, Rua Capit\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o d\u2019 \u00c0vila, Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency and Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (2019). 2019 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction, International Energy Agency."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102452","article-title":"New qualitative approach based on data analysis of European building stock and retrofit market","volume":"63","author":"Laaroussi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111409","article-title":"Energy retrofit of residential building clusters. A literature review of crossover recommended measures, policies instruments and allocated funds in Spain","volume":"252","author":"Iralde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2018). Directive EU 2018\/844 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2010\/31\/EU on energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012\/27\/EU on energy efficiency. Off. J. Eur. Union, 156, 75\u201391."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kvande, T., Bakken, N., Bergheim, E., and Thue, J.V. (2018). Durability of ETICS with rendering in Norway\u2014Experimental and field investigations. Buildings, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings8070093"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101713","article-title":"Experimental comparative study of the thermal performance of the fa\u00e7ade of a building refurbished using ETICS, and quantification of improvements","volume":"51","author":"Arrebola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121956","article-title":"Performance parameters of ETICS: Correlating water resistance, bio-susceptibility and surface properties","volume":"272","author":"Parracha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Pasker, R. (2022, March 01). The European ETICS Market\u2014Facts & Figures. Available online: https:\/\/www.ea-etics.eu\/files\/dokumente-eae\/4_ETICS_Forum\/04_2015-10-10_ETICS_Forum_2015_European_ETICS_market_Pasker_02.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2019.101021","article-title":"Bond strength between layers of ETICS\u2014Influence of the characteristics of mortars and insulation materials","volume":"28","author":"Malanho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108151","article-title":"Effects of hygrothermal, UV and SO2 accelerated ageing on the durability of ETICS in urban environments","volume":"204","author":"Parracha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2020). External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems with Rendering. Guideline for European Technical Approval (Standard No. EAD 040083-00-0404)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650752","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/650752","article-title":"External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems: Critical Parameters for Surface Hygrothermal Behaviour","volume":"2014","author":"Barreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.024","article-title":"Inspection and diagnosis system of ETICS on walls","volume":"47","author":"Amaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.02.001","article-title":"Experimental study of the hygrothermal behaviour of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS)","volume":"63","author":"Barreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.09.044","article-title":"Increasing the energy efficiency of buildings by thermal insulation","volume":"128","author":"Simona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3846\/13923730.2013.801923","article-title":"Statistical survey of the pathology, diagnosis and rehabilitation of etics in walls","volume":"20","author":"Amaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157828","article-title":"Durability assessment of external thermal insulation composite systems in urban and maritime environments","volume":"849","author":"Parracha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-019-1411-4","article-title":"Assessment of test methods for the durability of thermal mortars exposure to freezing","volume":"52","author":"Maia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parracha, J.L., Cortay, A., Borsoi, G., Veiga, R., and Nunes, L. (2020, January 20\u201323). Evaluation of ETICS characteristics that affect surface mould development. Proceedings of the DBMC 2020\u2014XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components, Barcelona, Spain. 8p.","DOI":"10.23967\/dbmc.2020.061"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2000). External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems with Rendering. Guideline for European Technical Approval (Standard No. ETAG 004)."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalak, J. (2021). External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) from industry and academia perspective. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132413705"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Thomas, R.G. (1993). Construction Dimensions, CMD Associates, Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.awci.org\/cd\/pdfs\/9302_b.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"11","article-title":"Long-term performance of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS)","volume":"5","author":"Sedlbauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Architectura"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Lstiburek, J. (2007). Building Science Digest 146 EIFS\u2014Problems and Solutions, Building Science.com Corporation."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Daniotti, B., and Paolini, R. (2008, January 11\u201314). Evolution of degradation and decay in performance of ETICS. Proceedings of the 11DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components, T42, Istanbul, Turkey. Available online: https:\/\/www.irbnet.de\/daten\/iconda\/CIB13273.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Lengsfeld, K., Krus, M., K\u00fcnzel, H., and K\u00fcnzel, H. (2015). Assessing the Long-Term Performance of Applied External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS), Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics. IBP Report 42."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2009.10.022","article-title":"Estimation of mould growth levels on rendered fa\u00e7ades based on surface relative humidity and surface temperature measurements","volume":"45","author":"Johansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2014.03.018","article-title":"Effects of water absorption and surface roughness on the bioreceptivity of ETICS compared to clay bricks","volume":"77","author":"Cursio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Parracha, J.L., Nunes, L., Gon\u00e7alves, F., Pereira, J., Borsoi, G., Flores-Colen, I., Gomes, M.G., Deus, R., and Veiga, R. (2021, January 12\u201315). Mould growth on ETICS: Theoretical indices vs. in situ observations. Proceedings of the CEES 2021\u2014International Conference\u2014Construction, Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Coimbra, Portugal. 6p."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103067","article-title":"Onsite monitoring of ETICS comparing different exposure conditions and insulation materials","volume":"42","author":"Serra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2004.03.016","article-title":"Fungal growth on different insulation materials exposed to different moisture regimes","volume":"54","author":"Klamer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2009.11.001","article-title":"Resistance of green building materials to fungal growth","volume":"64","author":"Hoang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/17480272.2020.1712738","article-title":"Field measurements and simulation of an massive wood panel envelope with ETICS","volume":"16","author":"Kukk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wood Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.020","article-title":"Improvement of fire reaction and mould growth resistance of a new bio-based thermal insulation material","volume":"139","author":"Palumbo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Krueger, N., Hofbauer, W., Krus, M., Fitz, C., Mayer, F., and Breuer, K. (2011, January 12\u201315). Effectiveness and durability of biocides in building coatings. Proceedings of the XII DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components, Porto, Portugal. 7p."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0964-8305(01)00102-0","article-title":"Biodeterioration of varnished wood with and without biocide: Implications for standard test methods","volume":"49","author":"Gaylarde","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-014-0305-8","article-title":"Modelling the degradation and service life of ETICS in external walls","volume":"48","author":"Ximenes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.195","article-title":"Maintenance planning of facades in current buildings","volume":"147","author":"Madureira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2018.03.028","article-title":"Contribution of humidity to the degradation of fa\u00e7ade claddings in current buildings","volume":"90","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asphaug, S.K., Time, B., and Kvande, T. (2021). Moisture accumulation in building fa\u00e7ades exposed to accelerated artificial climatic ageing\u2014A complementary analysis to NT build 495. Buildings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11120568"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"206","article-title":"Barrier EIFS clad walls: Results from a moisture engineering study","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Therm. Insul. Build. Envel."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0075424202025003141","article-title":"Performance prediction for masonry walls with EIFS using calculation procedures and laboratory testing","volume":"25","author":"Hens","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Therm. Envel. Build. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.03.010","article-title":"The impact of the exterior painted thin-layer render\u2019s water vapour and liquid water permeability on the moisture state of the wall insulating system","volume":"23","author":"Gailius","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101487","article-title":"Impact of the imperfection of thermal insulation on structural changes of thin-layer fa\u00e7ade claddings in ETICS","volume":"32","author":"Bochen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/0961321042000323798","article-title":"High-performance weather-protective flashings","volume":"33","author":"Kvande","year":"2005","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101682","article-title":"Investigation of mechanical resistance of external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS)","volume":"32","author":"Buhagiar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francke, B., and Zamorowska, R. (2020). Resistance of external thermal insulation composite systems with rendering (ETICS) to hail. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13112452"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2017.07.016","article-title":"Tracing hail stone impact on external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS)\u2014An evaluation of standard admission impact tests by means of high-speed-camera recordings","volume":"109","author":"Steinbauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.014","article-title":"Performance criteria for the fire safe use of thermal insulation in buildings","volume":"100","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2018). Fire Classification of Construction Products and Building Elements: Part 1\u2014Classification Using Test Data from Reaction to Fire Tests (Standard No. EN 13501-1)."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2016). Reaction to Fire Tests for Building Products\u2014Determination of a Building Products Propensity to Undergo Continuous Smouldering (Standard No. EN 16733)."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(1988). Vertical Building Elements\u2014Impact Resistance Tests\u2014Impact Bodies and General Test Procedures (Standard No. ISO 7892)."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2016). Acoustics\u2014Laboratory Measurement of Sound Insulation of Building Elements\u2014Part 1: Application Rules for Specific Products (Standard No. ISO 10140-1)."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2010). Acoustics\u2014Laboratory Measurement of Sound Insulation of Building Elements\u2014Part 2: Measurement of Airborne Sound Insulation (Standard No. ISO 10140-2)."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2010). Laboratory Measurement of Sound Insulation of Building Elements\u2014Part 5: Requirements for Test Facilities and Equipment (Standard No. ISO 10140-5)."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2007). Building Materials and Products\u2014Hygrothermal Properties\u2014Tabulated Design Values and Procedures for Determining Declared and Designed Thermal Values (Standard No. ISO 10456)."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.05.045","article-title":"Insulation materials for the building sector: A review and comparative analysis","volume":"62","author":"Schiavoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-021-01195-x","article-title":"Fire performance of EPS ETICS facade: Effect of test scale and masonry cover","volume":"59","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fire Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2018.08.002","article-title":"Experimental study of expanded polystyrene (EPS) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) masonery fa\u00e7ade reaction-to-fire performance","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, H., Zhaopeng, N., Lei, P., and Ping, Z. (2013, January 14\u201315). Experimental study of fire barriers preventing vertical fire spread in ETICs. Proceedings of the MATEC Web of Conferences, 1st International Seminar for Fire Safety of Facades, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20130904003"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niziurska, M., Wieczorek, M., and Borkowicz, K. (2022). Fire safety of External Thermal Insulation Systems (ETICS) in the aspect of sustainable use of natural resources. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031224"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.128","article-title":"Effect of plaster thickness on performance of external thermal insulation cladding systems (ETICS) in buildings","volume":"122","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(01)00168-9","article-title":"Characterisation of smoke in expanded polystyrene combustion","volume":"74","author":"Rossi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2016.04.036","article-title":"Water-based flame retardant coating using nano-boehmite for expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam","volume":"99","author":"Dumazert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2020). Fire Performance of External Cladding Systems\u2014Part 1: Test Methods for Non-Loadbearing External Cladding Systems Fixed to, and Supported by, a Masonry Substrate (Standard No. BS 8414-1)."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2013). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications\u2014Determination of Length and Width (Standard No. EN 822)."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2013). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications\u2014Determination of Thickness (Standard No. EN 823)."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2013). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications\u2014Determination of Squareness (Standard No. EN 824)."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2013). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications\u2014Determination of Flatness (Standard No. EN 825)."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2013). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications\u2014Determination of the Apparent Density (Standard No. EN 1602)."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2013). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications\u2014Determination of Short Term Water Absorption by Partial Immersion (Standard No. EN 1609)."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2013). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications\u2014Determination of Water Vapour Transmission Properties (Standard No. EN 12086)."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2013). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications\u2014Determination of Tensile Strength Perpendicular to the Faces (Standard No. EN 1607)."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2013). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications\u2014Determination of Shear Behaviour (Standard No. EN 12090)."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2013). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications\u2014Determination of Compression Behaviour (Standard No. EN 826)."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2001). Thermal Performance of Building Materials and Products\u2014Determination of Thermal Resistance by Means of Guarded Hot Plate and Heat Flow Meter Methods\u2014Products of High and Medium Thermal Resistance (Standard No. EN 12667)."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2001). Thermal Performance of Building Materials and Products\u2014Determination of Thermal Resistance by Means of Guarded Hot Plate and Heat Flow Meter Methods\u2014Dry and Moist Products of Medium and Low Thermal Resistance (Standard No. EN 12664)."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(1992). Acoustics\u2014Determination of Dynamic Stiffness\u2014Part 1: Material Used under Floating Floors in Dwellings (Standard No. EN 29052-1)."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"(2013). Thermal Insulating Products for Building Applications\u2014Determination of Dimensional Stability under Specified Temperature and Humidity Conditions (Standard No. EN 1604)."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2011). Paints and Varnishes\u2014Determination of Water-Vapour Transmission Properties\u2014Cup Method (Standard No. ISO 7783)."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2016). Plastic Anchors Made of Virgin or Non-Virgin Material for Fixing of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems with Rendering (Standard No. EAD 330196-01-0604)."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"50","article-title":"The durability test method for External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) used in cold and wet climate countries","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Arch. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Dirkx, I., and Gr\u00e9goire, Y. (2012, January 5\u20137). Evaluation of the durability of ETICS: Additional requirements in Belgium. Proceedings of the 4th APFAC Congress, Coimbra, Portugal. 12p."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Dirkx, I., and Gr\u00e9goire, Y. (2012, January 5\u20137). Evaluation of the resistance to algae growth of ETICS. Proceedings of the 4th APFAC Congress, Coimbra, Portugal. 12p."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/13921525.1998.10531406","article-title":"Weather durability of external wall thermal insulation system with thin-layer plaster finish","volume":"4","author":"Ramanauskas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Statyba"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.06.053","article-title":"Thermal performance of a building envelope incorporating ETICS with vacuum insulation panels and EPS","volume":"85","author":"Mandilaras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2019.1650133","article-title":"Towards resilience and sustainability for historic buildings: A review of envelope retrofit possibilities and a discussion on hygric compatibility of thermal insulations","volume":"15","author":"Posani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Arch. Herit."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norvai\u0161ien\u0117, R., Krause, P., Buhagiar, V., and Burlingis, A. (2021). Resistance of ETICS with fire barriers to cyclic hygrothermal impact. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13169220"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.114028","article-title":"A review of the challenges posed by the use of vacuum panels in external insulation finishing systems","volume":"257","author":"Serra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119134","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the durability of a novel lightweight prefabricated reinforced-EPS based construction system","volume":"252","author":"Stipa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-0618(09)90004-6","article-title":"Approaches to testing the durability of materials used in construction and maintenance of buildings","volume":"8","author":"Lewry","year":"1994","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2011). Buildings and Constructed Assets\u2014Service Life Planning\u2014Part 1: General Principles and Framework (Standard No. ISO 15686-1)."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landolfi, R., and Nicolella, M. (2022). Durability assessment of ETICS: Comparative evaluation of different insulating materials. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14020980"},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"(2000). Nordtest Method. Building Materials and Components in the Vertical Position: Exposure to Accelerated Climatic Strains (Standard No. NT Build 495)."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roncon, R., Borsoi, G., Parracha, J.L., Flores-Colen, I., Veiga, R., and Nunes, L. (2021). Impact of water-repellent products on the moisture transport properties and mould susceptibility of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11050554"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"(2002). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 21\u2014Determination of the Compatibility of One-Coat Rendering Mortars with Substrates (Standard No. EN 1015-21)."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Freitas, V.P., and Delgado, J.M.P.Q. (2013). Durability of Building Materials and Components, Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37475-3"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125834","article-title":"Impact of natural and artificial ageing on the properties of multilayer external wall thermal insulation systems","volume":"317","author":"Parracha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2022.118108","article-title":"Visualization of localized deformation of external thermal insulation composite systems during aging","volume":"206","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.041","article-title":"Properties of pore structure of thin-layer external plasters under ageing in simulated environment","volume":"23","author":"Bochen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-012-6349-7","article-title":"Accelerated climate ageing of building materials, components and structures in the laboratory","volume":"47","author":"Jelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"149","article-title":"Study on the microstructure and water absorption rate changes of exterior thin-layer polymer renders during natural and artificial ageing","volume":"21","author":"Griciute","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103900","article-title":"Pore structure, adsorption, and water absorption of expanded perlite mortar in external thermal insulation composite system during aging","volume":"116","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S2212-5671(15)00180-X","article-title":"Analysis of on-site construction processes for effective External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) installation","volume":"21","author":"Sulakatko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.09.176","article-title":"Methodological framework to assess the significance of External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) on-site activities","volume":"96","author":"Sulakatko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"K\u00fcnzel, H., and Zirkelbach, D. (2008, January 16\u201318). Influence of rain water leakage on the hygrothermal performance of exterior insulation systems. Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Symposium of Building Physics, Session M3B, Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Ramos, N.M.M., Barreira, E., Sim\u00f5es, M.L., and Delgado, J.M.P.Q. (2013, January 26\u201328). Probabilistic risk assessment applied to biological growth on external surfaces with ETICS. Proceedings of the 13th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, Chamb\u00e9ry, France."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/1744259113480132","article-title":"The effect of nearby obstacles in surface condensations on external thermal insulation composite systems: Experimental and numerical study","volume":"37","author":"Barreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Build. Phys."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Daniotti, B., Cecconi, F.R., Paolini, R., Cocchetti, G., Galliano, R., and Cornaggia, A. (2014, January 2\u20135). Multi-physics modelling for durability evaluation of ETICS. Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/1744259113506073","article-title":"Application of fluorometric and numerical analysis for assessing the algal resistance of external thermal insulation composite systems","volume":"38","author":"Venzmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Build. Phys."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Desjarlais, A., and Johnston, D. (2016, January 5\u20136). Energy and moisture impact on EIFS walls in the USA. Proceedings of the ASTM Symposium on EIFs, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sulakatko, V., and Vogdt, F.U. (2018). Construction process technical impact factors on degradation of the External Thermal Insulation Composite System. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10113900"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sulakatko, V. (2018). Modelling the technical\u2013economic relevance of the ETICS construction process. Buildings, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings8110155"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2019.100944","article-title":"Computational models applied to the service life prediction of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS)","volume":"27","author":"Tavares","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109742","article-title":"Laboratory study on hygrothermal behavior of three external thermal insulation systems","volume":"210","author":"Bendouma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.122017","article-title":"Deformation analysis and failure prediction of bonding mortar in external thermal insulation cladding system (ETICS) by coupled multi physical fields method","volume":"278","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019agostino, D., Landolfi, R., Nicolella, M., and Minichiello, F. (2022). Experimental study on the performance decay of thermal insulation and related influence on heating energy consumption in buildings. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14052947"}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/7\/1664\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:03:24Z","timestamp":1760126604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/7\/1664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings13071664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings13071664","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]}}}