{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T03:32:25Z","timestamp":1767065545807,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union funds","award":["101007595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101007595"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Upgrading the Syrian refugee shelter design serves humanitarian needs, especially since the currently used T-shelters have a life span of 2\u20134 years, and there are no clear signs of an imminent return of Syrian refugees to their country, even after the end of the civil war. The use of 3D concrete printing can provide a promising method to construct new durable shelters with a long life span and provide better protection against extreme change in the desert climate, privacy, and cultural constraints. This research aims to use multi-criteria decision methods\u2014in particular, the Analytical Hierarchal Process (AHP) method\u2014to select the best 3D concrete printing to construct these shelters. The proposed model takes the following into consideration: the machine\u2019s technical characteristics, building structure characteristics, and economic and environmental aspects. The three basic developed technologies\u2014contour crafting, D-shape, and concrete printing\u2014were used as alternatives in the model. The results show that contour crafting is the best technology for this application, and the inconsistency test and sensitivity analysis indicate an effective and reasonable technology ranking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13071813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:35:16Z","timestamp":1689644116000},"page":"1813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Selecting the Best 3D Concrete Printing Technology for Refugee Camp\u2019s Shelter Construction Using Analytical Hierarchy Process: The Case of Syrian Refugees in Jordan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1034-9022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Almomani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}]},{"given":"Nedal","family":"Al-Ababneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}]},{"given":"Khairedin","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}]},{"given":"Nadim I.","family":"Shbeeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fahad Bin Sultan University, P.O. Box 15700, Tabuk 71454, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6584-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John-Paris","family":"Pantouvakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Construction Innovation, Department of Structural Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Str., 15780 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6114-9632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikos D.","family":"Lagaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Engineering, Institute of Structural Analysis & Antiseismic Research, School of Civil Engineering, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Str., 15780 Athens, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Karasapan, O. (2023, April 13). Future Development, Syrian Refugees in Jordan: A Decade and Counting. Available online: https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/future-development\/2022\/01\/27\/syrian-refugees-in-jordan-a-decade-and-counting\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"ACAPS (2023, April 13). Jordan Syrian Refugees. Available online: https:\/\/www.acaps.org\/country\/jordan\/crisis\/syrian-refugees."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"UNHCR (2023, April 13). Refugee Camps. Available online: https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/jo\/refugee-camps#."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Abu Ramadan, R.F. (2017). Developing User-Informed Specifications for Refugee Shelters in Hot Dry Climates: A Study of Al Za\u2019aatari Camp in Jordan, University of Salford."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2016","article-title":"Assessing the Sheltering Response in the Middle East: Studying Syrian Camps in Jordan","volume":"11","author":"Alshawawreh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Humanit. Soc. 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