{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:21:50Z","timestamp":1760149310395,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["FCT UID\/05975\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT UID\/05975\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The importance of the sustainability of wood buildings is increasing. The renewed attention highlights the need to assess the wood deterioration accurately, in the initial years of service, to optimize treatment during its lifetime and reduce maintenance costs. This study presents a methodology for inspecting and classifying damage of wood in service, relying on visual inspection and oriented to non-structural wooden components. This approach enables more affordable, widespread, and frequent monitoring of wooden elements in use, promoting their routine maintenance. The methodology was tested in the pine wood (Pinus sylvestris) facades with up to 5 years of service in a hotel building in northern Portugal. Despite its relatively brief period of operation, the building displays indications of both abiotic and biotic degradation of the wood across all its different facade orientations. Based on that, the study highlights the natural aging of Scots pine according to the building\u2019s age, orientation, maintenance treatments, and exposure conditions. These findings provide insights into conservation plan optimization and emphasize the need for regular maintenance of wooden elements in outdoor environments, even in the early years of service.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13081883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T01:03:25Z","timestamp":1690333405000},"page":"1883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Damage Assessment of Pine Wood Facades in the First Years of Service for Sustainable Maintenance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7031-9947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Oliveira","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"proMetheus, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4024-0442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"proMetheus, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Labrincha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"proMetheus, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Parauta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"proMetheus, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotel FeelViana, 4935-159 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajno, D., Grzybowska, A., and Bednarz, \u0141. (2021). Old and Modern Wooden Buildings in the Context of Sustainable Development. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14185975"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Li, J., Wu, J., and Kang, J. (2019). Evaluation of Wood Coverage on Building Facades Towards Sustainability. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11051407"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01016","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201927501016","article-title":"A Statistics-Based Study on Wood Presentation of Modern Wood Building Facades","volume":"275","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.11.021","article-title":"A probabilistic-based methodology for predicting mould growth in facade constructions","volume":"128","author":"Gradeci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9998","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.15.4.Kropat","article-title":"Natural, Accelerated, and Simulated Weathering of Wood: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Kropat","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-017-1228-1","article-title":"The impact of natural and artificial weathering on the visual, colour and structural changes of seven tropical woods","volume":"76","author":"Reinprecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2022.105522","article-title":"Degradation of wood buried in soils exposed to artificially lowered groundwater levels in a laboratory setting","volume":"176","author":"Elam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.157","article-title":"Evolution of thermally modified wood properties exposed to natural and artificial weathering and its potential as an element for fa\u00e7ades systems","volume":"172","author":"Herrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.125871","article-title":"Monitoring the surface aging of wood through its pits using atomic force microscopy with functionalized tips","volume":"609","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2015.1041190","article-title":"Characterization and Monitoring of Surface Weathering on Exposed Timber Structures with a Multi-Sensor Approach","volume":"9","author":"Sandak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191206","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2019.1631143","article-title":"Service life prediction and environmental exposure conditions of timber claddings in South Chile","volume":"48","author":"Prieto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Cruz, H. (2011, January 6). Inspe\u00e7\u00e3o, avalia\u00e7\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de estruturas de madeira [Em linha]. Proceedings of the 1a Jornada de Materiais de Constru\u00e7\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(1995). Madeira Serrada de Pinheiro Bravo para Estruturas Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Qualidade (Standard No. NP 4305:1995). (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2013.774070","article-title":"Guidelines for On-Site Assessment of Historic Timber Structures","volume":"9","author":"Cruz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Uzielli, L. (2007, January 8\u201310). Wood Science for Conservation of Cultural Heritage\u2014Florence 2007. Proceedings of the International Conference held by COST Action IE0601 in Florence (Italy), Firenze, Italy."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2016). Structural Timber\u2014Strength Classes (Standard No. BS-EN 338)."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2006). Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures (Standard No. NP EN 1995-1-1)."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124466","article-title":"In situ assessment of the timber structure of an 18th century building in Madrid, Spain","volume":"304","author":"Arriaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.123","article-title":"In-situ assessment of timber structural members: Combining information from visual strength grading and NDT\/SDT methods\u2014A review","volume":"101","author":"Feio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sola-Caraballo, J., Rinc\u00f3n-Calder\u00f3n, J.M., Rivera-G\u00f3mez, C., L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez, J.A., and Gal\u00e1n-Mar\u00edn, C. (2022). On-Site Risk Assessment Methodology of Historic Timber Structures: The Case Study of Santa Cruz Church. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12070935"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-020-01644-4","article-title":"Nondestructive assessment of cross-laminated timber using non-contact transverse vibration and ultrasonic testing","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"96","article-title":"Semi-Destructive and Non-Destructive Tests of Timber Structure of Various Moisture Contents","volume":"14","author":"Przesmycka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/10589759.2019.1635593","article-title":"Combination of non-destructive tests for assessing decay in existing timber elements","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nondestruct. Test. Eval."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2019.102141","article-title":"Damage detection of in service timber poles using Hilbert-Huang transform","volume":"107","author":"Bandara","year":"2019","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2017.08.004","article-title":"Moisture performance and durability of wooden fa\u00e7ades and decking during six years of outdoor exposure","volume":"13","author":"Brischke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120752","article-title":"Moisture dependent elastic properties of naturally aged black pine wood","volume":"262","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ingebretsen, S.B., Anden\u00e6s, E., Gullbrekken, L., and Kvande, T. (2022). Microclimate and Mould Growth Potential of Air Cavities in Ventilated Wooden Fa\u00e7ade and Roof Systems\u2014Case Studies from Norway. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12101739"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiere, M., Franke, B., Franke, S., and M\u00fcller, A. (2021). Comparison between Predicted and Measured Moisture Content and Climate in 12 Monitored Timber Structures in Switzerland. Buildings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11050181"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2014.07.019","article-title":"Reliability assessment of power pole infrastructure incorporating deterioration and network maintenance","volume":"132","author":"Ryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2021.106468","article-title":"Hot waxing treatment improves the aging resistance of wood surface under UV radiation and water","volume":"161","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2011.02.027","article-title":"Guideline on the assessment of timber structures: Summary","volume":"33","author":"Dietsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Machado, J. (2014). Conhecer a Madeira Como Base de Suporte a A\u00e7\u00f5es de Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o. Semin\u00e1rio Intervir em Constru\u00e7\u00f5es Existentes de Madeira, Guimar\u00e3es Universidade do Minho, Escola de Engenharia (UM). (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127653","article-title":"Evaluation of the mechanical contribution of wood degraded by insects in old timber beams through analytical calculations and experimental tests","volume":"339","author":"Nocetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Martins, S. (2009). Estruturas de Madeira\u2014Inspec\u00e7\u00e3o e Diagn\u00f3stico: Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o em Caso de Estudo. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade do Minho]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/17480272.2020.1779810","article-title":"Wood durability in terrestrial and aquatic environments\u2014A review of biotic and abiotic influence factors","volume":"17","author":"Marais","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wood Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, D. (2015). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Estruturas de Madeira em Servi\u00e7o\u2014Caso de Estudo da Ermida da Ascens\u00e3o de Cristo. [Master\u2019s Thesis, ISEL]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2017.03.002","article-title":"Maintenance optimization for power distribution systems subjected to hurricane hazard, timber decay and climate change","volume":"168","author":"Salman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"401","article-title":"A decision support tool for building design: An integrated generative design, optimisation and life cycle performance approach","volume":"19","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.12.194","article-title":"Life Cycle Analysis and Optimization of a Timber Building","volume":"83","author":"Kaziolas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.26555\/ijain.v6i1.392","article-title":"Classification of wood defect images using local binary pattern variants","volume":"6","author":"Rahiddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Intell. Inform."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129226","article-title":"Datasets and processing methods for boosting visual inspection of civil infrastructure: A comprehensive review and algorithm comparison for crack classification, segmentation, and detection","volume":"356","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.finmec.2022.100094","article-title":"Novel risk assessment tools for the climate-induced mechanical decay of wooden structures: Empirical and machine learning approaches","volume":"7","author":"Califano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forces Mech."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121653","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3223053","article-title":"Wood Products Manufacturing Optimization: A Survey","volume":"10","author":"Hosseini","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102913","article-title":"Automated crack segmentation in close-range building fa\u00e7ade inspection images using deep learning techniques","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"443","article-title":"Local Texture Representation for Timber Defect Recognition based on Variation of LBP","volume":"13","author":"Rahiddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2022, August 02). Instituto de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza e Florestas. Available online: http:\/\/www2.icnf.pt\/portal\/florestas\/gf\/ps\/rp\/pinus-sylvestris."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2022, August 02). Globaldis. Available online: https:\/\/www.globaldis.pt\/files\/files\/catalog\/vicaima-casquinha_vermelha_1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2022, August 02). Somapil. Available online: http:\/\/www.somapil.com\/pt\/madeiras\/europa\/casquinha-vermelha."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Gomes, J. (2014). Estudo da Inflamabilidade de Madeiras para Constru\u00e7\u00e3o Usadas na Envolvente de Edif\u00edcios. [Master\u2019s Dissertation, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2018). Durabilidade da Madeira e de Produtos Derivados da Madeira: Defini\u00e7\u00e3o das Classes de Risco: Parte 1: Generalidades\/Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Qualidade; elab. CT 14 (IPQ) (Standard No. NP EN 335-1). (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"IPMA (2022, July 27). Normal Climatological of Viana do Castelo\/Meadela 1981\u20132010. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipma.pt\/bin\/file.data\/climate-normal\/cn_81-10_VIANA_CASTELO.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Branco, J., and Sousa, H. (2014). M\u00e9todos de Inspe\u00e7\u00e3o e Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Visual de Elementos de Madeira\u2014Manual de Curso, Escola de Engenharia, Universidade do Minho. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-017-1268-6","article-title":"Effect of seawater wetting on the weathering of wood","volume":"76","author":"Mai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/col.20020","article-title":"A critical review of the development of the CIE1931 RGB color-matching functions","volume":"29","author":"Broadbent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Color ResAppl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2023.01.006","article-title":"Effect of pattern materials and fabrication techniques on the color of a pressed lithium disilicate ceramic: An in vitro study","volume":"129","author":"Zakaria","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.131354","article-title":"Cement pastes in tertiary colours: A digital approach for colouration of cement-based materials","volume":"382","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2019.107889","article-title":"CIELAB color paths during meat shelf life","volume":"157","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meat Sci."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/8\/1883\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:18:26Z","timestamp":1760127506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/13\/8\/1883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings13081883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings13081883","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-5309"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]}}}