{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T03:18:17Z","timestamp":1771903097813,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fires in large buildings can have tragic consequences, including the loss of human lives. Despite the advancements in building construction and fire safety technologies, the unpredictable nature of fires, particularly in large buildings, remains an enormous challenge. Acknowledging the paramount importance of prioritising human safety, the academic community has been focusing consistently on enhancing the efficiency of building evacuation. While previous studies have integrated evacuation simulation models, aiding in aspects such as the design of evacuation routes and emergency signalling, modelling human behaviour during a fire emergency remains challenging due to cognitive complexities. Moreover, behavioural differences from country to country add another layer of complexity, hindering the creation of a universal behaviour model. Instead of centring on modelling the occupant behaviour, this paper proposes an innovative approach aimed at enhancing the occupants\u2019 behaviour predictability by providing real-time information to the occupants regarding the most suitable evacuation routes. The proposed models use a building\u2019s environmental conditions to generate contextual information, aiding in developing solutions to make the occupants\u2019 behaviour more predictable by providing them with real-time information on the most appropriate and efficient evacuation routes at each moment, guiding the occupants to safety during a fire emergency. The models were incorporated into a context-aware recommender system for testing purposes. The simulation results indicate that such a system, coupled with hazard and congestion models, positively influences the occupants\u2019 behaviour, fostering faster adaptation to the environmental conditions and ultimately enhancing the efficiency of building evacuations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13123038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T08:48:32Z","timestamp":1701852512000},"page":"3038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Guiding Evacuees to Improve Fire Building Evacuation Efficiency: Hazard and Congestion Models to Support Decision Making by a Context-Aware Recommender System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1228-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LNEC\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, 1700-066 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"DCeT\u2014Departamento de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Aberta, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2224-1609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Jorge","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DCeT\u2014Departamento de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Aberta, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ci\u00eancia, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8698-866X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramiro","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ci\u00eancia, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ECT\u2014Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, UTAD\u2014Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Le\u00e7a","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCNET\u2014Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Naturais, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona do Porto, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gwynne, S.M., Kuligowski, E.D., and Kinsey, M.J. 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