{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:11:56Z","timestamp":1766268716009,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENT\u00cdFICO E TECNOL\u00d3GICO (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDE 201091\/2022-4","UIDB\/04708\/2020","04\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDE 201091\/2022-4","UIDB\/04708\/2020","04\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CONSTRUCT\u2014Instituto de I&amp;D em Estruturas e Constru\u00e7\u00f5es","award":["PDE 201091\/2022-4","UIDB\/04708\/2020","04\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDE 201091\/2022-4","UIDB\/04708\/2020","04\/2019"]}]},{"name":"University of Bras\u00edlia","award":["PDE 201091\/2022-4","UIDB\/04708\/2020","04\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDE 201091\/2022-4","UIDB\/04708\/2020","04\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional (3D) printing with earth-based mortar is still under development and faces challenges. Optimising the mortar mixture, improving structural strength, determining the relationship between the printing speed and the amount of extruded material, and ensuring long-term durability are areas that are being refined. Additionally, regulatory and certification issues must also be considered to ensure the safety and compliance of 3D printed structures. This paper presents for discussion the records, analyses, studies, and considerations regarding initial initiatives involving 3D printing with the extrusion of earth-based mortar developed at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP). Through this work, it was possible to strengthen and reaffirm that 3D printing with earth-based mortar has significant potential in the construction industry and that the incorporation of dispersed kraft paper fibres from the recycling of cement bags is an excellent resource to achieve good constructability in 3D printing with earth-based mortar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14020312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T07:22:32Z","timestamp":1705994552000},"page":"312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["First Impressions on Three-Dimensional Printing with Earth-Based Mortar at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4221-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcio","family":"Buson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of Brasilia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humberto","family":"Varum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marco Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Architecture School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30120-140, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesovik, V., Tolstoy, A., Fediuk, R., Amran, M., Ali, M., and De Azevedo, A.R.G. (2022). Improving the Performances of a Mortar for 3D Printing by Mineral Modifiers. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12081181"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2022.169","article-title":"Trends and Opportunities of Using Local Sustainable Building Materials in the Middle East and North Africa Region","volume":"7","author":"Sonebi","year":"2022","journal-title":"RILEM Tech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elistratkin, M., Alfimova, N., Podgornyi, D., Olisov, A., Promakhov, V., and Kozhukhova, N. (2022). Influence of Equipment Operation Parameters on the Characteristics of a Track Produced with Construction 3D Printing. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12050593"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020). Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Normas T\u00e9cnicas\u2014ABNT. NBR 16814\u2014Adobe\u2014Requisitos e M\u00e9todos de Ensaio (Standard No. ABNT. NBR 16814). Available online: https:\/\/edisciplinas.usp.br\/pluginfile.php\/5711732\/mod_resource\/content\/2\/NBR16814%20norma%20adobe%20Arquivo%20para%20impress%C3%A3o.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramezani, A., Modaresi, S., Dashti, P., Givkashi, M.R., Moodi, F., and Ramezanianpour, A.A. (2023). Effects of Different Types of Fibers on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Cement and Geopolymer-Based 3D Printed Mixtures: A Review. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13040945"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Buson, M. (2009). Kraftterra\u2014Desenvolvimento e An\u00e1lise Preliminar do Desempenho T\u00e9cnico de Componentes de Terra com a Incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o de Fibras de Papel Kraft Provenientes da Reciclagem de Sacos de Cimento para Veda\u00e7\u00e3o Vertical. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Brasilia\u2014PPG\/FAU\/UnB]."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Bhusal, S., Uvi\u00f1a, F., and Hojati, M. (2022, January 23\u201325). Preliminary Study on 3D Printing of Locally Available Earthen Materials in New Mexico. Proceedings of the Preliminary Study on 3D Printing of Locally Available Earthen Materials, Santa Fe, NM, USA. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/365945674."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferretti, E., Moretti, M., Chiusoli, A., Naldoni, L., De Fabritiis, F., and Vison\u00e0, M. (2022). Mechanical Properties of a 3D-Printed Wall Segment Made with an Earthen Mixture. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202112.0357.v2"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103577","article-title":"3D printing system for earth-based construction: Case study of cob","volume":"124","author":"Gomaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128556","article-title":"Eco-friendly additive construction: Analysis of the printability of earthen-based matrices stabilized with potato starch gel and sisal fibres","volume":"347","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daher, J., Kleib, J., Benzerzour, M., Abriak, N.-E., and Aouad, G. (2023). The Development of Soil-Based 3D-Printable Mixtures: A Mix-Design Methodology and a Case Study. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13071618"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.017","article-title":"3D printing of earth-based materials: Processing aspects","volume":"172","author":"Perrot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. 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