{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T06:02:39Z","timestamp":1774332159746,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52078459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52078459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52378540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52378540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFE0112600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0112600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LZ22E080005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ22E080005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LHZ23E080003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHZ23E080003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52078459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52078459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52378540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52378540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFE0112600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0112600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LZ22E080005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ22E080005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LHZ23E080003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHZ23E080003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["52078459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52078459"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["52378540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52378540"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["2019YFE0112600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0112600"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["LZ22E080005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ22E080005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["LHZ23E080003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHZ23E080003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geopolymer enhances mechanical properties with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers, but there has been limited research exploring low PVA fiber dosages for mechanical properties in 3D printing or shotcrete. This study experimentally investigated slag and fly ash-based geopolymer mixtures reinforced with 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2% PVA fiber by volume as well as a control group without PVA fibers. These mixtures were prepared using fly ash, quartz sand, slag powder, silica fume, and an aqueous sodium silicate solution as the alkali activator, with the addition of PVA fiber to enhance composite toughness. The mechanical properties of the composites, encompassing dog-bone tensile properties, cubic compressive strength, bending and post-bending compressive strength, and prism compressive properties, were evaluated. Significantly, specimens with 0.15% PVA fibers exhibited optimal performance, revealing a notable 28.57% increase in tensile stress, a 36.45% surge in prism compressive strain, and a 47.59% rise in tensile strain compared to fiber-free specimens. Furthermore, environmental scanning electron microscopy observations were employed to scrutinize the microscopic mechanisms of composites incorporating PVA fibers, slag, and fly ash. In comparison to fiber-free specimens, prism compressive specimens with 0.15% PVA fibers demonstrated a 27.17% increase in post-cracking loading capacity, a 44.07% increase in post-cracking ductility, a 50.00% increase in peak strain energy, and a 76.36% increase in strain energy ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14020449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T07:50:12Z","timestamp":1707205812000},"page":"449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Highly Flowable Geopolymer Composites with Low-Content Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4622-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4968-9227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5311-8542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanfeng","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350041","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219455423500414","article-title":"Metaheuristic optimization algorithm for rapid parameter identification of the Bouc-Wen model for self-centering shear walls","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-2213-2018","article-title":"Global CO2 emissions from cement production, 1928\u20132017","volume":"10","author":"Andrew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01904446","article-title":"Geopolymers, and geopolymeric materials","volume":"35","author":"Davidovits","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2016.6","article-title":"Recent update on the environmental impact of geopolymers","volume":"1","author":"Habert","year":"2016","journal-title":"RILEM Tech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.08.018","article-title":"The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of \u2018green concrete\u2019","volume":"37","author":"Duxson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.03.019","article-title":"Fly ash-based geopolymer: Clean production, properties and applications","volume":"125","author":"Zhuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126112","article-title":"Synthesis of geopolymers derived from fly ash with an addition of perlite","volume":"293","author":"Baran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103792","article-title":"Thermal stability of one-part metakaolin geopolymer composites containing high volume of spodumene tailings and glass wool","volume":"114","author":"Lemougna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0069","article-title":"Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF-BP composite neural network","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, G.Z., and Su, R.K.L. (2023). A review on durability of foam concrete. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13071880"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.07.010","article-title":"Durability of low-calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete culvert in a saline environment","volume":"100","author":"Pasupathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luhar, S., Nicolaides, D., and Luhar, I. (2021). Fire resistance behaviour of geopolymer concrete: An overview. Buildings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11030082"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103820","article-title":"Influence of supplementary cementitious materials on rheological properties of 3D printed fly ash based geopolymer","volume":"114","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2021.114641","article-title":"Correlation between the mechanical properties and the fiber breaking morphology of fiber reinforced shotcrete (FRS)","volume":"277","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.07.123","article-title":"Anisotropic mechanical performance of 3D printed fiber reinforced sustainable construction material","volume":"209","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.01.013","article-title":"Printability, accuracy and strength of geopolymer made using powder-based 3D printing for construction applications","volume":"101","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103415","article-title":"Robotic spray coating of self-sensing metakaolin geopolymer for concrete monitoring","volume":"121","author":"McAlorum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.01.064","article-title":"Effect of different superplasticizers and activator combinations on workability and strength of fly ash based geopolymer","volume":"57","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"102685","article-title":"Recent advances and productivity analysis of 3D printed geopolymers","volume":"52","author":"Raza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, S.H., Cai, Y.J., Guo, Y.C., Lin, J.X., Liu, G.T., Lan, X.W., and Song, Y. (2022). Experimental study on axial compressive performance of polyvinyl alcohol fibers reinforced fly ash\u2014Slag geopolymer composites. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14010142"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-015-0599-1","article-title":"Creep and drying shrinkage of a blended slag and low calcium fly ash geopolymer Concrete","volume":"49","author":"Castel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood, A., Noman, M.T., Pechociakova, M., Amor, N., Petru, M., Abdelkader, M., Militky, J., Sozcu, S., and Ul Hassan, S.Z. (2021). Geopolymers and fiber-reinforced concrete composites in civil engineering. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13132099"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2015.11.009","article-title":"Mechanisms of interfacial bond in steel and polypropylene fiber reinforced geopolymer composites","volume":"122","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.103498","article-title":"Fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites: A review","volume":"107","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e02796","article-title":"High-flowable and high-performance steel fiber reinforced concrete adapted by fly ash and silica fume","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.11.2120","article-title":"Novel fiber-reinforced composite materials based on sustainable geopolymer matrix","volume":"21","author":"Natali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, J.C., Jiang, J.Y., Gao, X., and Ding, M.Y. (2022). Improving the mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer composites with PVA fiber and powder. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15072363"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., and Lv, C. (2022). Properties of 3D-printed polymer fiber-reinforced mortars: A review. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14071315"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.939.155","article-title":"Effect of type of fiber on inter-layer bond and flexural strengths of extrusion-based 3D printed geopolymer","volume":"939","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Li, S. (2019). Research on the Properties of Fiber Reinforced Engineered Geopolymer Spray Composite. [Master\u2019s Thesis, China University of Mining and Technology]. (In Chinese with English Abstract)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.005","article-title":"A feasibility study of strain hardening fiber reinforced fly ash-based geopolymer composites","volume":"57","author":"Ohno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.006","article-title":"Impact properties of geopolymer based extrudates incorporated with fly ash and PVA short fiber","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22566-7_42","article-title":"Properties of 3D-printable ductile fibre-reinforced geopolymer composite for digital construction applications","volume":"Volume 23","author":"Mechtchrine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheology and Processing of Construction Materials"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.09.015","article-title":"Inline quantification of extrudability of cementitious materials for digital construction","volume":"95","author":"Nerella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118180","article-title":"Rheological properties of fresh concrete and its application on shotcrete","volume":"243","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04023132","DOI":"10.1061\/JMCEE7.MTENG-14062","article-title":"Shrinkage and cracking performance of PP\/PVA fiber-reinforced 3D-printed mortar","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1680\/jadcr.20.00038","article-title":"Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable polymer-fibre-reinforced high-performance cementitious composite","volume":"34","author":"Pham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Cem. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Tian, W., Zhang, X.D., Zhang, L., Xiao, Y.Q., and Yu, C. (2024, January 20). Yizhong Gaodiwen Suidaoyong Gaoqiang Penshe Hunningtu Jiqi Zhibei Fangfa (A High-Strength Shotcrete for High Geo-thermal Tunnels and Its Preparation Method). CN201910892544.6, 27 November 2020. (In Chinese). Available online: https:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/kcms2\/article\/abstract?v=3IEynGI71r8K7SXxdAs8kNN2xCCkrwKRtBuMzVeIpnlv8gf2m-qByvTjwnYmdD-cX7Oyb9ZaKARp84vK0EKs0dMAuClHvfo3r_3ae0hlvhjAVKaL0OiUrPqgNBRwkvrVZjUIA4YQR3I=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.051","article-title":"Printable properties of cementitious material containing copper tailings for extrusion based 3D printing","volume":"162","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2020.06.005","article-title":"Geopolymers reinforced by short and long fibres\u2014Innovative materials for additive manufacturing","volume":"28","author":"Korniejenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"949","article-title":"Preparation and performance of ultra-high toughness fly ash based geopolymer","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2019). Metallic Materials\u2013Tensile Testing\u2013Part 1: Method of Test at Room Temperature (Standard No. ISO 6892-1)."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2009). Cement\u2013Test Methods\u2013Determination of Strength. (Standard No. ISO 679)."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2008). Test Methods of Mechanical Properties of Mortar for Ferrocement (Standard No. GB\/T 7897-2008). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1515\/rams-2021-0039","article-title":"Effect of PVA fiber on mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8931401","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8931401","article-title":"Shrinkage and mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced blast furnace slag-steel slag-based geopolymer","volume":"2022","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230142","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2023-0142","article-title":"Effect of polyvinyl alcohol fibers on mechanical properties of nano-SiO2-reinforced geopolymer composites under a complex environment","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-023-02180-2","article-title":"Compressive behaviour of alkali-activated slag-based concrete and Portland cement concrete incorporating novel multiple hooked-end steel fibres","volume":"56","author":"Rossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L.H., Li, B.X., Wang, Z.W., Zhang, Z.B., and Alselwi, O. (2022). Effects of hybrid PVA-steel fibers on the mechanical performance of high-ductility cementitious composites. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12111934"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H.M., Hu, F., Duan, Y.F., Yang, J.Q., Duan, Z.T., and Cao, L.N. (2023). Interaction mechanism of cementitious composites containing different twisted PVA fiber bundles. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13092194"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malathy, R., Sentilkumar, S.R.R., Prakash, A.R., Das, B.B., Chung, I.M., Kim, S.H., and Prabakaran, M. (2022). Use of industrial silica sand as a fine aggregate in concrete-an explorative study. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12081273"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.088","article-title":"A review on ultra high performance concrete: Part I. Raw materials and mixture design","volume":"101","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106650","article-title":"An experimental-analytical scale-linking study on the crack-bridging mechanisms in different types of SHCC in dependence on fiber orientation","volume":"152","author":"Curosu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/14\/2\/449\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:55:56Z","timestamp":1760104556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/14\/2\/449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings14020449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings14020449","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]}}}