{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T16:49:17Z","timestamp":1774716557731,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The construction industry in New Zealand is significantly impacted by the importance of housing, particularly as urbanisation continues to grow in major cities. Modern construction methods, such as offsite construction and building automation, evolving into digital manufacturing and construction in the industry, have become prominent. Despite the global recognition of 3D printing technology, its adoption in the construction industry in New Zealand is still relatively limited. This study aims to examine the feasibility of 3D printing construction in response to current market challenges, innovation, and the 2050 net-zero carbon goal. Utilising Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approaches, this study investigated the environmental impacts of three housing types: 3D printing (3DP), light steel framed (LSF), and timber. This study used cradle-to-cradle as the system boundary. The results indicate that the 3DP house emits 20% fewer carbon emissions than the traditional timber house and 25% less than the LSF house. Additionally, the 3DP house exhibits a 19% lower annual electric energy consumption than the timber house. Therefore, in response to the growing housing demand in New Zealand, the construction industry must innovate and embrace digital and advanced construction methods, including the adoption of 3D printing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14041084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T03:56:13Z","timestamp":1713153373000},"page":"1084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Appraising the Feasibility of 3D Printing Construction in New Zealand Housing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Aflah Alamsah","family":"Dani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"James B. P.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8086-3070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishanu","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Auckland Council (2023, October 10). Auckland Plan 2050. New Zealand, Available online: https:\/\/www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz\/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws\/our-plans-strate-gies\/auckland-plan\/about-the-auckland-plan\/docsprintdocuments\/auckland-plan-2050-print-document.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"New Zealand Productivity Commission (2023, October 10). Housing Affordability Inquiry. 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