{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:31:44Z","timestamp":1762342304595,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Transportation Consortium of South-Central States (TranSET) university transportation center\u2014US Department of Transportation","award":["21CLSU01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21CLSU01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automated and seamless integration of reinforcement is one of the main unresolved challenges in large-scale additive construction. This study leverages a dual-reinforcement solution consisting of high-dosage steel fiber (up to 2.5% by volume) and short vertical reinforcements as a complementary reinforcement technique for 3D-printed elements. The mechanical performance of the printing material was characterized by measuring the compressive, flexural, and uniaxial tensile strengths of mold-cast specimens. Furthermore, the flexural performance of the plain and fiber-reinforced 3D-printed beams was evaluated in the three main loading directions (X, Y, and Z-directions in-plane). In addition, short vertical threaded reinforcements were inserted into the fiber-reinforced 3D-printed beams tested in the Z-direction. The experimental results revealed the superior flexural performance of the fiber-reinforced beams loaded in the longitudinal directions (X and Y). Moreover, the threaded reinforcement significantly increases the flexural strength and ductility of beams loaded along the interface, compared to the control. Overall, the proposed dual-reinforcement approach, which exhibited notably less porosity compared to the mold-cast counterpart, holds great potential as a reinforcement solution for 3D-printed structures without the need for manual operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14041167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T03:57:07Z","timestamp":1713758227000},"page":"1167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Automated Reinforcement during Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing: Structural Assessment of a Dual Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bert S Turner Department of Construction Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6865-2836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilerioluwa","family":"Giwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bert S Turner Department of Construction Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0568-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Game","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bert S Turner Department of Construction Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4798-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Noorvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bert S Turner Department of Construction Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}]},{"given":"Marwa","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bert S Turner Department of Construction Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9525-6759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Kazemian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bert S Turner Department of Construction Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"},{"name":"Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Seyrfar, A., Ataei, H., and Osman, I. 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