{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T20:25:00Z","timestamp":1770582300113,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bursa Uludag University Science and Technology Center","award":["FAY-2021-579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAY-2021-579"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a procedure for mixture design was proposed with the aim of meeting the requirements of extrudability, buildability, and shape stability in 3D printable concrete. Optimum water\/binder ratio, sand\/binder ratio, binder type, utilization ratio, aggregate particle distribution and quantity, and type and utilization ratio of chemical admixtures were determined for 3D printable concrete in terms of print quality and shape stability criteria. A total of 32 different mixtures were produced. It was determined that mixtures produced using a binder content with approximately 40% fly ash, a w\/b ratio of 0.35, and aggregates with Dmax of 1 mm exhibit acceptable characteristics. Investigations were also conducted into the thixotropic behavior, rheological characteristics, and mechanical properties of the mixes that were deemed acceptable. As a result, it was determined that the increase in the amount of fly ash usage positively affected the buildability of the printed layers. Additionally, the dynamic yield stress ranging from 114 to 204 Pa, viscosity ranging from 22 to 43 Pa.s, and structural build-up value ranges suitable for the production of 3D printable concrete mixtures were determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14072069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T04:52:49Z","timestamp":1720414369000},"page":"2069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Performance Requirements and Optimum Mix Proportion of High-Volume Fly Ash 3D Printable Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8915-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatice Gizem","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0326-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mardani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Naz","family":"Mardani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics Education, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.133273","article-title":"An experimental study of thermal performance of 3D printed concrete slabs","volume":"330","author":"Dey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121745","article-title":"A review of 3D printed concrete: Performance requirements, testing measurements and mix design","volume":"273","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skibicki, S., Federowicz, K., Hoffmann, M., Chougan, M., Sibera, D., Cendrowski, K., and Sikora, P. (2024). Potential of Reusing 3D Printed Concrete (3DPC) Fine Recycled Aggregates as a Strategy towards Decreasing Cement Content in 3DPC. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17112580"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123884","article-title":"Environmental and economic assessment on 3D printed buildings with recycled concrete","volume":"278","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s11709-017-0430-x","article-title":"A critical review of preparation design and workability measurement of concrete material for largescale 3D printing","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Struct. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Wang, D., Zhao, S., Duan, P., and Yang, S. (2021). Influence of particle morphology of ground fly ash on the fluidity and strength of cement paste. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14020283"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2017.07.021","article-title":"The role of fly ash microsphere in the microstructure and macroscopic properties of high-strength concrete","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.087","article-title":"Enhancement in self-compactability and stability in volume of entrained air in self-compacting concrete with high volume fly ash","volume":"128","author":"Puthipad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.014","article-title":"Hydration and rheology control of concrete for digital fabrication: Potential admixtures and cement chemistry","volume":"112","author":"Marchon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.103406","article-title":"Design of 3D printable concrete based on the relationship between flowability of cement paste and optimum aggregate content","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125865","article-title":"Assessment of materials, design parameters and some properties of 3D printing concrete mixtures; a state-of-the-art review","volume":"316","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120551","article-title":"Effects of redispersible polymer powders on the structural build-up of 3D printing cement paste with and without hydroxypropyl methylcellulose","volume":"267","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125809","article-title":"The relationship between the rheological behavior and interlayer bonding properties of 3D printing cementitious materials with the addition of attapulgite","volume":"316","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106037","article-title":"Extrusion-based additive manufacturing with cement-based materials\u2013Production steps, processes, and their underlying physics: A review","volume":"132","author":"Mechtcherine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1353","article-title":"Mechanical properties, durability performance and 2024). How does rheological behaviour affect the interlayer adhesion-bonding strength of 3DPC mixtures: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"38","author":"Mardani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Struct. Concr. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"831","article-title":"Effect of cement C3A content on some fresh state properties and compressive strength of 3D printing concrete mixtures","volume":"27","author":"Mardani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Uludag Univ. Fac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.233","article-title":"The study of the structure rebuilding and yield stress of 3D printing geopolymer pastes","volume":"184","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119775","article-title":"Structural build-up, hydration and strength development of cement-based materials with accelerators","volume":"259","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104199","article-title":"Effect of spiral blade geometry on 3D-printed concrete rheological properties and extrudability using discrete event modeling","volume":"137","author":"Zhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7_30","article-title":"Characterizing extrudability for 3D concrete printing using discrete element simulations","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Jayathilakage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication: Digital Concrete"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Chaves Figueiredo, S., Yal\u00e7inkaya, \u00c7., \u00c7opuro\u011flu, O., Veer, F., and Schlangen, E. (2019). The effect of viscosity-modifying admixture on the extrudability of limestone and calcined clay-based cementitious material for extrusion-based 3D concrete printing. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12091374"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, Z., Chaves Figueiredo, S., \u00c7opuro\u011flu, O., Veer, F., and Schlangen, E. (2019). Limestone and calcined clay-based sustainable cementitious materials for 3D concrete printing: A fundamental study of extrudability and early-age strength development. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9091809"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103030","article-title":"Study on the rheology and buildability of 3D printed concrete with recycled coarse aggregates","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117989","article-title":"Yield stress criteria to assess the buildability of 3D concrete printing","volume":"240","author":"Jayathilakage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106864","article-title":"Matric suction and its effect on the shape stability of 3D printed concrete","volume":"159","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"V002T01A011","article-title":"Construction-scale 3D printing: Shape stability of fresh printing concrete. In International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference","volume":"50732","author":"Kazemian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104479","article-title":"Durability properties of 3D printed concrete (3DPC)","volume":"142","author":"Nodehi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Onstruction"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104115","article-title":"Large-scale 3D printing concrete technology: Current status and future opportunities","volume":"122","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102986","article-title":"Direct printing test for buildability of 3D-printable concrete considering economic viability","volume":"109","author":"Nerella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.061","article-title":"Rheological and harden properties of the high-thixotropy 3D printing concrete","volume":"201","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104671","article-title":"Nozzle criteria for enhancing extrudability, buildability and interlayer bonding in 3D printing concrete","volume":"146","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"101069","article-title":"Effects of deposition velocity in the presence\/absence of E6-glass fibre on extrusion-based 3D printed mortar","volume":"32","author":"Shakor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2000). Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates. Part 6: Determination of Particle Density and Water Absorption (Standard No. EN1097-6)."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.126111","article-title":"Effect of synthetic microfiber and viscosity modifier agent on layer deformation, viscosity, and open time of cement mortar for 3D printing application","volume":"319","author":"Sukontasukkul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.037","article-title":"Rheological and mechanical properties of admixtures modified 3D printing sulphoaluminate cementitious materials","volume":"189","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"20","article-title":"Sustainable 3D printing concrete mixtures, literature review","volume":"7","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mod. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119551","article-title":"Effectiveness of the rheometric methods to evaluate the build-up of cementitious mortars used for 3D printing","volume":"257","author":"Moeini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2020.103075","article-title":"An experimental study of the behavior of 3D printed concrete at elevated temperatures","volume":"120","author":"Cicione","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya, \u00c7. (2022). Influence of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Dosage on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printable Mortars with and without Fiber Reinforcement. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12030360"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015eahin, H.G., Mardani, A., and Beytekin, H.E. (2024). Effect of Silica Fume Utilization on Structural Build-Up, Mechanical and Dimensional Stability Performance of Fiber-Reinforced 3D Printable Concrete. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16040556"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Mardani-Aghabaglou, A. (2016). Investigation of Cement-Superplasticizer Admixture Compatibility. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ege University]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103570","article-title":"Evaluating the printability of concretes containing lightweight coarse aggregates","volume":"109","author":"Rahul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suntharalingam, T., Nagaratnam, B., Poologanathan, K., Hackney, P., and Ramli, J. (2020, January 6\u20139). Effect of Polypropylene Fibreson the Mechanical Properties of Extrudable Cementitious Material. Proceedings of the Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7_53"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Konstantinidis, N., Austin, S.A., Buswell, R.A., Cavalaro, S., and Cecinia, D. (2020, January 6\u20139). Flexural Behaviour of AR-Glass Textile Reinforced 3D Printed Concrete Beams. Proceedings of the Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7_73"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.014","article-title":"3D printable concrete: Mixture design and test methods","volume":"97","author":"Rahul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.03.008","article-title":"Volume-forming 3D concrete printing using a variable-size square nozzle","volume":"104","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.109","article-title":"Use of calcium sulfoaluminate cements for setting control of 3D-printing mortars. Constr","volume":"157","author":"Khalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.232","article-title":"Effect of surface moisture on inter-layer strength of 3D printed concrete","volume":"172","author":"Sanjayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107684","article-title":"Method of enhancing interlayer bond strength in construction scale 3D printing with mortar by effective bond area amplification","volume":"169","author":"Marchment","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.02.008","article-title":"Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable cementitious materials for building and construction","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Y., Lesage, K., Van Tittelboom, K., Yuan, Y., and De Schutter, G. (2020, January 6\u20139). Effect of Limestone Powder Substitutionon Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Printable Mortar. Proceedings of the Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7_14"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104156","article-title":"Sustainable materials for 3D concrete printing","volume":"122","author":"Bhattacherjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luhar, S., Suntharalingam, T., Navaratnam, S., Luhar, I., Thamboo, J., Poologanathan, K., and Gatheeshgar, P. (2020). Sustainable and renewable bio-based natural fibres and its application for 3D printed concrete: A review. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410485"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012021","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1195\/1\/012021","article-title":"The influence of viscosity-modifying agent and calcium carbonate on 3D printing mortar characteristics","volume":"1195","author":"Antoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104897","article-title":"Effect of metakaolin utilization ratio and loop method-pre-shearing process variation on rheological properties of cementitious systems having different C3A content","volume":"136","author":"Biricik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103917","article-title":"Effect of amine and glycol-based grinding aids utilization rate on grinding efficiency and rheological properties of cementitious systems","volume":"47","author":"Kobya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3992\/jgb.11.4.109.1","article-title":"Performance of steel micro fiber reinforced mortar mixtures containing plain, binary and ternary cementitious systems","volume":"11","author":"Hosseinnezhad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Green Build."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1680\/jmacr.21.00134","article-title":"Multi-effect of superplasticisers main and side-chain length on cementitious systems with fly ash","volume":"74","author":"Altun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mag. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107634","article-title":"Insights into material design, extrusion rheology, and properties of 3D-printable alkali-activated fly ash-based binders","volume":"167","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.004","article-title":"Rheological behavior of high performance concrete with min- eral admixtures and their blending","volume":"22","author":"Laskar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.136254","article-title":"Advancements in 3D printing of cementitious materials: A review of mineral additives, properties, and systematic developments","volume":"427","author":"Zaid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104693","article-title":"3D printing with cementitious materials: Challenges and opportunities for the construction sector","volume":"146","author":"Arjona","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104529","article-title":"Test methods for 3D printable concrete","volume":"142","author":"Kaliyavaradhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Contribution of fly ash to the properties of mortar and concrete","volume":"4","author":"Bendapudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Earth Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-012-0083-3","article-title":"Effects of fly ash fineness on the mechanical properties of concrete","volume":"37","author":"Yazici","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sadhana"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120493","article-title":"Effect of ultra-fine fly ash on concrete performance and durability","volume":"263","author":"Craeye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.024","article-title":"Effect of fly ash fineness on microstructure of blended cement paste","volume":"21","author":"Chindaprasirt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.117","article-title":"The differences among the roles of ground fly ash in the paste, mortar and concrete","volume":"93","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctmat.2016.10.001","article-title":"High-volume fly ash paste for developing ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)","volume":"29","author":"Ferdosian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Tecnol. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-014-0497-y","article-title":"Influence of water\/powder ratio and powder type on alkali\u2013silica reactivity and transport properties of self-consolidating concrete","volume":"49","author":"Beglarigale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.130.23","article-title":"An investigation into strength and permittivity of compacted sand-clay mixtures by partial replacement of water with lignosulfonate","volume":"130","author":"Sezer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. A"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126372","article-title":"Recycling of aggregate micro fines as a partial replacement for fly ash in 3D printing cementitious materials","volume":"321","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109718","article-title":"Nano-Fly Ash and Clay for 3D-Printing Concrete Buildings: A Fundamental Study of Rheological, Mechanical and Microstructural Properties","volume":"92","author":"Taqa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.108016","article-title":"Comparative studies of LC3-and fly ash-based blended binders in fibre-reinforced printed concrete (FRPC): Rheological and quasi-static mechanical characteristics","volume":"80","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01019","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202452901019","article-title":"3D printed concrete using Portland pozzolana cement-fly ash based","volume":"529","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/14\/7\/2069\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:11:08Z","timestamp":1760109068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/14\/7\/2069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings14072069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings14072069","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]]}}}