{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:40:13Z","timestamp":1773290413424,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study is based on the characterisation of adobe blocks of the central region of Portugal. It is recognised that the safeguarding of the existing building stock of constructions in the traditional adobe construction technique, through different levels interventions, should also preserve the historical and cultural identity of the area as well as the traditional construction techniques, starting from the ground itself. Soil, as a repository of valuable information on the history of the site, underpins the conservation and preservation process. However, the soil is a local expression of the site, and a precise knowledge of its characteristics is necessary to hypothesise building recovery strategies. For this reason, the characteristics of adobe blocks from old buildings in the village of Torres in Anadia, in a rural area that has not yet been the subject of scientific research, were evaluated. These adobe blocks were taken from the buildings to be used in the laboratory to determine the similar mixing rates for the new adobe mixtures by analysing the material\u2019s chemical, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties, as well as its particle size distribution. In the study area, a wetland was identified characterised by a notable presence of vegetation, namely bunho and junco (Schoenoplectus lacustris L.). These fibres, which can be assimilated to Typha, are wild aquatic plants that can impair the biodiversity of wetlands but which, used as reinforcement for the production of adobe bricks, can stimulate new, more sustainable forms of economy in in the area, which is classified as rural. The fibres were divided into two groups of 10\u201330 mm and 30\u201360 mm in length, and compositions with an additional 1 to 3% of fibres were formulated. This experimental approach was useful for understanding how the length and quantity of these fibres influence the performance of the material, thus contributing to improving knowledge about the behaviour of adobe blocks in relation to the incorporation of vegetable fibre reinforcement. The research findings reveal that the length of the fibres and percentage of incorporation have a significant impact on the mechanical behavior of the material, particularly in relation to its compressive strength up to 50%. The tested formulations were also assessed with respect to capillarity, for which most of the formulations were classified as weakly capillary, with a capillary index (Cb) of less than 20. With respect to thermal conductivity, the incorporation of fibres led to a reduction of up to 20%. The characterisations demonstrate that the optimisation of adobe is the initial stage in attaining comprehensive insight into the heritage of traditional construction in the central region of Portugal, with a particular focus on the village of Torres and the ancient adobe construction technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14082582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T06:28:51Z","timestamp":1724308131000},"page":"2582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Adobe Blocks Reinforced with Vegetal Fibres: Mechanical and Thermal Characterisation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7213-4305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica","family":"Rocco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DiArc\u2014Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5456-1642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romeu","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO\u2014Risks and Sustainability in Construction, Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1373-4540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO\u2014Risks and Sustainability in Construction, Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6295-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO\u2014Risks and Sustainability in Construction, Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, July 20). International Energy Agency. Available online: http:\/\/www.iea.org\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piaia, E., Turillazzi, B., Di Giulio, R., and Sebastian, R. (2024). Advancing the Decarbonization of the Construction Sector: Lifecycle Quality and Performance Assurance of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.0488.v1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3992\/jgb.3.3.1","article-title":"Natural building materials in mainstream construction: Lessons from the UK","volume":"3","author":"MacDougall","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Green Build."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118098","article-title":"Weathering the storm: A framework to assess the resistance of earthen structures to water damage","volume":"242","author":"Beckett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroeder, H. (2016). Sustainable Building with Earth, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19491-2"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s43238-021-00041-x","article-title":"Can earthen architectural heritage save us?","volume":"5","author":"Moriset","year":"2021","journal-title":"Built Herit."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Pinto, R. (1969). G\u00e9nese e Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o dos Solos, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, lnstituto Sup\u00e0rior de Agronomia, Departamento de Gi\u00eancias do Ambiente."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Rua, M.H. (1998). Os dez Livros de Arquitectura de Vitr\u00favio, Edi\u00e7\u00e3o ICIST."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Adam, J.P., Guidobaldi, M.P., Torelli, M., and Torelli, M. (1988). L\u2019arte di Costruire Presso i Romani: Materiali e Tecniche, Longanesi."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Motta, M. (1997). Constru\u00e7\u00f5es Rurais em Alvenaria de Terra Crua no Baixo Alentejo, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2008.04.002","article-title":"Embodied energy analysis of adobe house","volume":"34","author":"Shukla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2020.1727064","article-title":"Earth plasters: The influence of clay mineralogy in the plasters\u2019 properties","volume":"14","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-019-1316-2","article-title":"Correction to: Effect of temperature on the sorption curves of earthen materials","volume":"52","author":"Fabbri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2020.1751343","article-title":"Vernacular Caramel\u2019 s Adobe Masonry Dwellings\u2013Material Characterization","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.14207\/ejsd.2017.v6n4p246","article-title":"Sustainable architecture: The eco-efficiency earth construction","volume":"6","author":"Sposito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117669","article-title":"Sustainable adobe bricks with seagrass fibres. Mechanical and thermal properties characterization","volume":"239","author":"Olacia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3084","article-title":"Green composite form of eco\u2013friendly concrete by adding PVA fiber","volume":"10","author":"Vijayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Green Eng. (JGE)"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2017.03.076","article-title":"Earth block houses of historic centers. A sustainable upgrading with compatible repair materials","volume":"38","author":"Papayianni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/23789689.2017.1278996","article-title":"Seismic performance of adobe construction","volume":"2","author":"Rafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. Resilient Infrastruct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1180\/claymin.1996.031.2.07","article-title":"Mineral quantification in sepiolite-palygorskite deposits using X-ray diffraction and chemical data","volume":"31","author":"Galindo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clay Miner."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2007.09.002","article-title":"Microstructure and physical properties of lime-clayey adobe bricks","volume":"22","author":"Millogo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.06.505","article-title":"Behaviour of retro fitted beams using natural fibers","volume":"33","author":"Gokulnath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.094","article-title":"Experimental analysis of Pressed Adobe Blocks reinforced with Hibiscus cannabinus fibers","volume":"52","author":"Millogo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2006.07.033","article-title":"Harakeke reinforcement of soil\u2013cement building materials: Manufacturability and properties","volume":"42","author":"Segetin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2023, July 28). Regione Piemonte L.R. 2\/06, Norme per la valorizzazione delle costruzioni in terra cruda. Available online: https:\/\/www.gazzettaufficiale.it\/atto\/regioni\/caricaDettaglioAtto\/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2007-06-30&atto.codiceRedazionale=006R0449."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2023, July 28). Gazzetta Ufficiale Italiana, n. 378 Legge 24 Diciembre 2003, Disposizioni per la tutela e la valorizzazione dell\u2019architettura rurale. Available online: https:\/\/www.gazzettaufficiale.it\/atto\/serie_generale\/caricaDettaglioAtto\/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2004-01-17&atto.codiceRedazionale=004G0014&elenco30giorni=false."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2006). New Mexico Earthen Building Materials Code, GCB-NMBC-14.7.4 (2006)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2015). Masonry in Small Buildings Construction (Standard No. AS 4773.2-2015). Available online: https:\/\/store.standards.org.au\/product\/as-4773-2-2015."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2018). Masonry Structures (Standard No. AS 3700-2018). Available online: https:\/\/wabuildinginspections.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/AS3700%202018%20Masonry%20Structures.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(1997). Production and Usage of Adobe Bricks (Standard No. TS 2514)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Larsen, K.E. (2023, July 30). Nara Conference on Authenticity in relation to the World Heritage Convention, Nara, Japan, 1\u20136 November 1994. Available online: https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/archive\/nara94.htm."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"111","article-title":"Performance of cob as a building material","volume":"73","author":"Saxton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Varum, H., Costa, A., Velosa, A., Martins, T., Pereira, H., and Almeida, J. (2000). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o mec\u00e2nica e patol\u00f3gica das constru\u00e7\u00f5es em Adobe no distrito de Aveiro como suporte em interven\u00e7\u00f5es de reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o. Proj. Cult., 41\u201345. Available online: https:\/\/ria.ua.pt\/bitstream\/10773\/7799\/1\/I_027.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruno, P., and Faria, P. (2008). Earth mortars use on neolithic domestic structures. Some case studies in Alentejo, Portugal. Conserv. Patrim\u00f3nio, 5\u201312. Available online: https:\/\/www.redalyc.org\/pdf\/5136\/513653433002.pdf.","DOI":"10.14568\/cp8_2"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda y Bellido, A. (2023, July 02). Or\u00edgenes de la casa redonda de la cultura castre\u00f1a del NO de la Pen\u00ednsula. Available online: https:\/\/www.castrosdeasturias.es\/descargas\/703-garcia-y-bellido-a.-1971.-revista-guimaraes-81-3-4-25-35.-origenes-casa-redonda-cultura-castrea-nw.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Istituto National de Estatistica (2023, June 28). Censos 2011. Available online: https:\/\/censos.ine.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2019.1627442","article-title":"Adobe blocks in the center of Portugal: Main characteristics","volume":"15","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Fernandes, M. (2007). O adobe e as alvenarias de adobe em Portugal. erra em Semin\u00e1rio, Argumentum."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Dias, J. (1948). O problema da reconstitu\u00e7\u00e3o das casas redondas castrejas. Trabalhos de Antropologia e Etnologia, Instituto De Antropologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias. Available online: https:\/\/ojs.letras.up.pt\/index.php\/tae\/article\/view\/8572\/7849."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, M., Carlos, G., and Rocha, S. (2013). Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15685"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silveira, D., Varum, H., Costa, A., and Lima, E. (2013). Levantamento e caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o do parque edificado em adobe na cidade de Aveiro. digitAR-Revista Digital de Arqueologia. Arquit. Artes.","DOI":"10.14195\/2182-844X_1_12"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2011.590267","article-title":"Adobe and modernism in \u00cdlhavo, Portugal","volume":"6","author":"Tavares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"da Silveira, D.S.G. (2016). Constructive and Mechanical Characterisation of Adobe Masonry Walls of Existing Buildings. [Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade de Aveiro]."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"da Costa, A.M.T.A. (2015). Integrated Conservation Strategy of Built Heritage. [Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade de Aveiro]."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2018.1459954","article-title":"The sustainability of adobe construction: Past to future","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"25","article-title":"Physical-Mechanical Experimental Tests on Adobe Bricks Reinforced with Hemp Fibres","volume":"1","author":"Formisano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Archit. Constr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2019.02.005","article-title":"Physical, thermal and mechanical properties of adobes stabilized with fonio (Digitaria exilis) straw","volume":"23","author":"Ouedraogo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"e00422","article-title":"Thermomechanical characterization and durability of adobes reinforced with millet waste fibers (sorghum bicolor)","volume":"13","author":"Kidmo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.11.377","article-title":"Adobe blocks reinforced with natural fibres: A review","volume":"45","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3770(02)00152-3","article-title":"A phenetic analysis of Typha in Korea and far east Russia","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquat. Bot."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-S\u00e4mann, K.M., Reinhardt, G., Vetter, R., and G\u00e4rtner, S. (2023, July 20). Nachwachsende Rohstoffe in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg: Identifizierung vorteilhafter Produktlinien zur stofflichen Nutzung unter besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung umweltgerechter Anbauverfahren. Projektabschluss-bericht Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe IfUL M\u00fcllheim. Available online: https:\/\/pudi.lubw.de\/detailseite\/-\/publication\/28764-Nachwachsende_Rohstoffe_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg__Identifizierung_vorteilhafter_Produktlinien_zur_stoffl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/1744259118759677","article-title":"Hygrothermal performance of various Typha\u2013clay composite","volume":"42","author":"Niang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Build. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2017). Iron Ores\u2014Determination of Total Iron Content (Standard No. ISO 2597-2:2019)."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2011). Chemical Analysis of Refractory Products by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)\u2014Fused Cast-Bead Method (Standard No. ISO 12677:2011)."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(1991). Thermal Insulation\u2014Determination of Steady-State Thermal Resistance and Related Properties\u2014Heat Flow Meter Apparatus (Standard No. ISO 8301:1991)."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2012). Tests for Geometrical Properties of Aggregates\u2014Part 1: Determination of Particle Size Distribution\u2014Sieving Method (Standard No. CEN EN 933-1:2012)."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(1992). Corrosion and Protection of Concrete Reinforcement. Determination of Carbonation Depth and Chloride Ion Penetration Profile in Concrete (Standard No. UNI 9944:1992)."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2010). Conservation of Cultural Property\u2014Test Methods\u2014Determination of Water Absorption by Capillarity (Standard No. UNI EN 15801:2010)."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2020). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 11: Determination of Flexural and Compressive Strength of Hardened Mortar (Standard No. EN:1015-11)."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2017). General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories (Standard No. ISO 17025:2017)."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Comina, C., Lancellotta, R., Foti, S., and Musso, G. (2004, January 7\u20139). Tomografie elettriche su campioni di laboratorio. Proceedings of the IARG Incontro Annuale dei Ricercatori di Geotecnica, Trento, Italy."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(1999). Tests for General Properties of Aggregates, Part 2: Methods for Reducing Laboratory Samples (Standard No. BS EN 932-2)."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2009.11.012","article-title":"The influence of natural stabilizers and natural fibres on the mechanical properties of ancient Roman adobe bricks","volume":"11","author":"Quagliarini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Diatta, M.T., Gaye, S., Thiam, A., and Azilinon, D. (2011, January 24\u201327). D\u00e9termination des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermo-physique et m\u00e9canique du typha australis. Proceedings of the Congres SFT, Perpignan, France."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2016.12.007","article-title":"Thermo-mechanical characterization of a building material based on Typha Australis","volume":"9","author":"Dieye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2008.12.008","article-title":"The humidity buffer capacity of clay\u2013sand plaster filled with phytomass from treatment wetlands","volume":"44","author":"Maddison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01002","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202235301002","article-title":"Investigation of the length and percentage fiber influence of Typha Australis on biosourced composites","volume":"Volume 353","author":"Ba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the E3S Web of Conferences"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Achenza, M., Atzeni, C., Mocci, S., and Sanna, U. (2008). Il Manuale Tematico della Terra Cruda: Caratteri, Tecnologie, Buone Pratiche, Dei S.r.l.- Tipografia del Genio Civile. Available online: https:\/\/www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it\/mmt\/fullsize\/2009022319494200003.pdf."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2023, June 02). Adobes! Porque n\u00e3o? Integra\u00e7\u00e3o do adobe como processo construtivo na arquitectura contempor\u00e2nea. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio-aberto.up.pt\/handle\/10216\/121163."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2005). Methods of Testing Cement\u2014Part 1: Determination of Strength (Standard No. EN 196-1:2005)."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2007). Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures\u2014Test Methods\u2014Determination of Carbonation Depth in Hardened Concrete by the Phenolphthalein Method (Standard No. BS EN 14630:2006)."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"RRUFF Sample Data (2023, September 01). Database. Available online: https:\/\/rruff.info\/al\/display=default\/."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Costa, L.R.R. (2014). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Mineral\u00f3gica e Mec\u00e2nica de Adobes de Aveiro. [Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade de Aveiro]."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2023, September 18). Capitolo 8: Chimica applicata, in Manuale prove e sperimentazioni. Istituto Sperimentale per l\u2019Edilizia. Available online: https:\/\/istedil.it\/manuale-prove-e-sperimentazioni."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126809","article-title":"Thermal and mechanical characterization of adobes bio-sourced with Pennisetum setaceum fibers and an application for modern buildings","volume":"326","author":"Charai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.069","article-title":"Physical, mechanical and durability properties of soil building blocks reinforced with natural fibres","volume":"101","author":"Danso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121824","article-title":"Mechanical and thermophysical properties of raw earth bricks incorporating date palm waste","volume":"270","author":"Khoudja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/14\/8\/2582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:40:58Z","timestamp":1760110858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/14\/8\/2582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings14082582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings14082582","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]}}}