{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T21:09:35Z","timestamp":1768079375317,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education","award":["R.J130000.7851.5F4261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.J130000.7851.5F4261"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional printable concrete (3DPC) has become increasingly popular in the building and architecture industries due to its low cost and fast design. Currently, there is great interest in the mix design methods and mechanical properties of 3DPC, particularly in relation to yield stress analysis. The ability to extrude and build 3D-printed objects can be significantly affected by factors such as the rate of extrusion, nozzle size, and type of pumps used. It has been observed that a yield stress lower than 1.5 to 2.5 kPa is not sufficient to maintain the shape stability of concrete, while a yield stress above this range can limit the material\u2019s extrudability. Furthermore, the strength properties of 3DPC are influenced by factors such as changes in yield stress and superplasticiser dosages. To meet the high mechanical strength and durability requirements of 3DPC in the construction industry, it is essential to analyse the material\u2019s early-age mechanical properties. However, the development of standardised test methods for 3DPC is still deficient. To address this issue, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to comprehensively review the diverse test methods and mechanical characteristics of 3DPC with different mix proportions. To produce high-performance concrete from various additives and waste materials, it is critical to have a basic understanding of the hydration processes of 3DPC. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the environmental impact and energy efficiency of 3DPC is necessary for its widespread implementation. This review article will highlight the recent trends, upcoming challenges, and benefits of using 3DPC. It serves as a taxonomy to navigate the field of 3DPC towards sustainable development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14092667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T09:26:51Z","timestamp":1724750811000},"page":"2667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Test Procedures and Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional Printable Concrete Enclosing Different Mix Proportions: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ghasan Fahim","family":"Huseien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"UTM Construction Research Centre, Institute for Smart Infrastructure and Innovative Construction, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Shea Qin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTM Construction Research Centre, Institute for Smart Infrastructure and Innovative Construction, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Ali Taha","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Amarah 62001, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8778-9347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Hasanah Abdul Shukor","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTM Construction Research Centre, Institute for Smart Infrastructure and Innovative Construction, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Sib K.","family":"Ghoshal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Laser Centre, AOMRG, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, S., Balaguer, C., Jardon, A., Navarro, J., Gimenez, A., and Barcena, C. 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